Adrenal Gland Pt 2 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism by which cortisol increases glucose levels?

Increasing glucose absorption in the intestines

Increasing gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (correct)

Increasing insulin secretion

Increasing glycogenesis

How does cortisol antagonize the effects of insulin on glucose metabolism?

By enhancing insulin's effects on glucose metabolism

By increasing glucose uptake in peripheral tissues

By stimulating insulin secretion

By inhibiting insulin's inhibitory effects on gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (correct)

What is the primary substrate used for gluconeogenesis under the influence of cortisol?

Glycogen and Glycerol

Glucose and Amino Acids

Ketones and Glycerol

Amino acids and Glycerol (correct)

How does cortisol impact the immune system?

Cortisol stabilizes lysosomal membranes and decreases the release of proteolytic enzymes by damaged cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cortisol on the reproductive system?

Cortisol inhibits various mechanisms of action, causing a decline in reproductive success Signup and view all the answers

How does cortisol impact the cardiovascular system?

Cortisol increases vascular smooth muscle sensitivity to vasoconstrictors and helps maintain blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of cortisol on growth?

Cortisol inhibits various mechanisms of action, causing inhibition of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the zona reticularis in the adrenal gland?

The zona reticularis produces androgens, which are not significant in most animals Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor is responsible for vasoconstriction and increased peripheral resistance?

Alpha 1 receptor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct effect of catecholamines binding to beta 1 receptors?

Increased lipolysis Signup and view all the answers

Catecholamines binding to which receptor is responsible for thermogenesis and lipolysis within adipose tissue?

Beta 3 receptor Signup and view all the answers

Which effect of catecholamines is mediated through the stimulation of alpha 1 receptors?

Mydriasis (eye dilation) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct effect of catecholamines binding to beta 2 receptors?

Increased muscle and liver glycogenolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor is responsible for bronchodilation caused by catecholamines?

Beta 2 receptor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects of catecholamines is mediated through the stimulation of beta 1 receptors?

Tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

Which effect of catecholamines is responsible for the increase in available glucose during acute stress?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for increasing libido and secondary sexual characteristics in humans?

Androgens Signup and view all the answers

In the catecholamine synthesis pathway, what happens right after the conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine within the cytosol of the chromaffin cell?

Dopamine is converted to norepinephrine, within a chromaffin granule Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of norepinephrine (NE) in the catecholamine metabolism pathway?

Exerts negative feedback on pre-ganglionic sympathetic receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the metabolism of epinephrine (EPI) via the COMT pathway within catecholamine metabolism?

EPI uses COMT to convert into metanephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which precursor molecule is converted into androstenedione in the androgen production pathway?

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of epinephrine (EPI) in the catecholamine metabolism pathway?

2 minutes Signup and view all the answers

In the catecholamine synthesis pathway, what happens right after the conversion of dopamine into norepinephrine (NE)?

Norepinephrine goes to the cytosol and is converted into epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of catecholamines in the flight or fight response?

Increase energy availability and overall metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of cortisol in regulating gene expression?

Photosynthesis regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of cortisol in fat metabolism?

Shifting metabolism from glucose to fat Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of amino acids for gluconeogenesis during cortisol-stimulated protein catabolism?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What happens to free fatty acids (FFA) when cortisol levels are elevated?

FFA are transported from adipose tissue to the liver and abdomen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of long-term excessive cortisol release?

Increased protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of cortisol on carbohydrate metabolism?

Increasing blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor that stimulates glucocorticoid production in the adrenal gland?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the surplus of free fatty acids (FFA) being redirected to the liver and abdomen?

Increased visceral (abdominal) fat and a pot belly appearance Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the effect of cortisol on glucose transport into fat cells?

Cortisol inhibits glucose transport into fat cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the HPA-axis?

Produce CRH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the diurnal rhythm of cortisol production is correct?

Cortisol production is higher in the morning than at night. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with elevated cortisol levels, according to the text?

Increased peripheral fat deposits Signup and view all the answers

High cortisol levels can lead to what illness that is also known as "Steroid Diabetes"?

Diabetes Mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for muscles when cortisol levels are elevated?

Free fatty acids (FFA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the metabolism of norepinephrine (NE) via the MAO pathway within catecholamine metabolism?

NE uses MAO to convert into dihydroxymandelic acid Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Catecholamines and Stress Response

Catecholamines bind to adrenoceptors, including alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, and beta 2 receptors
This binding stimulates various effects, including:
- Increased heart rate and force of contractions, resulting in increased blood pressure
- Vasoconstriction of visceral organs, causing restricted blood flow
- Vasodilation of skeletal muscle and liver arterioles, increasing glycogenolysis and glucose availability
- Lipolysis in adipose tissue, increasing ATP production from FFA and glycerol
- Increased basal metabolic rate

Catecholamine Binding to Adrenoceptors

Alpha 1 receptors:
- Vasoconstriction
- Increased peripheral resistance
- Mydriasis (eye dilation)
- Mucosa decongestion
- Hyperglycemia
- Contraction of pilomotor muscles
Beta 1 receptors:
- Tachycardia
- Increased lipolysis
- Increased myocardial contractility
- Increased renin release
Beta 2 receptors:
- Vasodilation
- Increased peripheral resistance
- Bronchodilation
- Increased muscle and liver glycogenolysis
- Increased glucagon release
Beta 3 receptors:
- Thermogenesis and lipolysis in adipose tissue

HPA-Axis and Cortisol Production

The HPA-axis consists of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands
Cortisol production is stimulated by stressors such as low blood glucose, hypovolemia, and emotional stress
Cortisol increases expression of genes regulating metabolism, cardiovascular system, reproduction, growth, immune system, and circadian rhythm

Cortisol Effects

Increases protein catabolism, mobilizing amino acids from extrahepatic tissue
Reduces cellular protein synthesis of body proteins
Long-term excessive cortisol release can lead to muscle wastage, osteoporosis, and other effects

Catecholamine Synthesis and Metabolism

Catecholamine synthesis occurs in the adrenal medulla, involving L-tyrosine, L-DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
Catecholamine metabolism involves COMT and MAO systems in the liver and kidneys, resulting in VMA excretion in urine

Cortisol Impact on Lipid Metabolism

Increases mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue
Increases libido and secondary sexual characteristics in humans

Cortisol Impact on Diabetes Mellitus

High cortisol levels can lead to diabetes mellitus due to increased gluconeogenesis and decreased glucose usage
10% of dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease) will also develop diabetes mellitus
Prolonged administration of glucocorticoids can also cause diabetes mellitus

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Description

Test your knowledge on zona fasciculata, glucocorticoid production, and the HPA-axis. Learn about the factors that stimulate glucocorticoid production and its effects on gene regulation in various body systems.