Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which brain region exhibits a developmental pattern characterized by non-linear changes?
Which brain region exhibits a developmental pattern characterized by non-linear changes?
- Cerebellum
- The corpus callosum
- Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
- Subcortical limbic regions (correct)
According to the provided information, what is the nature of the developmental trajectory of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)?
According to the provided information, what is the nature of the developmental trajectory of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)?
- Cyclical
- Exponential
- Approximately linear (correct)
- Nonlinear
During which developmental period are subcortical limbic regions described as being functionally sensitized?
During which developmental period are subcortical limbic regions described as being functionally sensitized?
- Adolescence (correct)
- Early childhood
- Late adulthood
- Infancy
What was the exclusion criteria for study participants related to head motion?
What was the exclusion criteria for study participants related to head motion?
In the context of this research, what does the term 'd′' refer to?
In the context of this research, what does the term 'd′' refer to?
What statistical test was used to determine if the SCR difference scores for excitement and threat conditions were significantly different?
What statistical test was used to determine if the SCR difference scores for excitement and threat conditions were significantly different?
What is indicated by the finding that the t-test resulted in t(74) = 0.26, p > .250?
What is indicated by the finding that the t-test resulted in t(74) = 0.26, p > .250?
Besides the seed time course, what other regressors were included in the gPPI analyses?
Besides the seed time course, what other regressors were included in the gPPI analyses?
What was the effect size (Cohen's d) observed for the difference in SCR scores?
What was the effect size (Cohen's d) observed for the difference in SCR scores?
What type of analysis is described as having been employed to determine the difference scores for the excitement and threat conditions?
What type of analysis is described as having been employed to determine the difference scores for the excitement and threat conditions?
In an experiment where participants respond to specific events, what characterizes the 'go trials'?
In an experiment where participants respond to specific events, what characterizes the 'go trials'?
What differentiates 'go trials' from 'nontarget' events in the experiment?
What differentiates 'go trials' from 'nontarget' events in the experiment?
If participants are instructed to respond only to blue background events, what would this imply?
If participants are instructed to respond only to blue background events, what would this imply?
What role does the background screen color play in the experimental design?
What role does the background screen color play in the experimental design?
In the experiment, how are the events presented in relation to the background screen?
In the experiment, how are the events presented in relation to the background screen?
What aspect of regulation is directly mentioned in the text regarding its relationship to Supreme Court decisions?
What aspect of regulation is directly mentioned in the text regarding its relationship to Supreme Court decisions?
The content most directly discusses Supreme Court decisions in relation to what specific demographic?
The content most directly discusses Supreme Court decisions in relation to what specific demographic?
What timeframe is indicated for the Supreme Court decisions discussed in the text?
What timeframe is indicated for the Supreme Court decisions discussed in the text?
Which of these is implied to be associated with both affective and cognitive regulation according to the text?
Which of these is implied to be associated with both affective and cognitive regulation according to the text?
The text explicitly links Supreme Court decisions to which specific aspect of human functioning?
The text explicitly links Supreme Court decisions to which specific aspect of human functioning?
What does the brain image in (b) specifically depict?
What does the brain image in (b) specifically depict?
If a study were examining changes in activity across different areas of the prefrontal cortex, would the image in (b) be sufficient to explain this?
If a study were examining changes in activity across different areas of the prefrontal cortex, would the image in (b) be sufficient to explain this?
In the context provided, what is the primary purpose of showing the brain image located at (b)?
In the context provided, what is the primary purpose of showing the brain image located at (b)?
Given image (b) displays a signal-change results from a specific region, which statement is the MOST accurate?
Given image (b) displays a signal-change results from a specific region, which statement is the MOST accurate?
What does the phrase 'signal-change results' likely refer to when discussed in relation to the vmPFC?
What does the phrase 'signal-change results' likely refer to when discussed in relation to the vmPFC?
What is the primary professional role of the individuals named Steinberg in the context of the information provided?
What is the primary professional role of the individuals named Steinberg in the context of the information provided?
What funding institution is specifically mentioned as being a supporter of the the research?
What funding institution is specifically mentioned as being a supporter of the the research?
What is the specific focus of the research this consultancy is related to?
What is the specific focus of the research this consultancy is related to?
Which aspect of research participant engagement is explicitly mentioned in this context?
Which aspect of research participant engagement is explicitly mentioned in this context?
Besides being paid consultants, what other professional descriptor is suggested by the text for Steinberg?
Besides being paid consultants, what other professional descriptor is suggested by the text for Steinberg?
Flashcards
Phylogenetically Older Brain Regions
Phylogenetically Older Brain Regions
Brain areas that evolved earlier in human history, like parts of the limbic system.
Nonlinear Developmental Changes
Nonlinear Developmental Changes
The development of these brain regions does not follow a straight line, but rather has periods of rapid change and slower periods.
Functionally Sensitized
Functionally Sensitized
During adolescence, these older brain regions become more sensitive to external stimuli and emotions.
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
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Linear Developmental Trajectory
Linear Developmental Trajectory
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Go trials
Go trials
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Nontargets
Nontargets
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Background screen color
Background screen color
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Random event occurrence
Random event occurrence
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Color as a cue
Color as a cue
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gPPI analysis
gPPI analysis
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SCR difference scores
SCR difference scores
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Seed time course
Seed time course
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t-test
t-test
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Effect size (d)
Effect size (d)
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Supreme Court Decisions on Juvenile Offenders
Supreme Court Decisions on Juvenile Offenders
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Affective and Cognitive Regulation
Affective and Cognitive Regulation
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Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (vmPFC)
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (vmPFC)
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Signal Changes
Signal Changes
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Region in vmPFC
Region in vmPFC
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Signal-Change Results
Signal-Change Results
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Executive Function
Executive Function
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John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
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Steinberg serves as paid consultants to the MacArthur Foundation
Steinberg serves as paid consultants to the MacArthur Foundation
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Cognitive Capacities in Young Adults
Cognitive Capacities in Young Adults
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Unique Differences in Brain Regions
Unique Differences in Brain Regions
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Research on Cognitive Capacities in Young Adults
Research on Cognitive Capacities in Young Adults
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Study Notes
Adolescent Adulthood
- Adolescence is typically defined as ages 13-17
- Cognitive control shows variations across different social contexts in this age group
- Cognitive capacities change with development, which varies by type of emotional arousal
- An individual is typically considered an adult at 18 in most US states, however laws vary
- This study examined cognitive control under emotional arousal in individuals between 13 and 25
- Cognitive abilities in emotional situations are different in individuals between 18-21 compared to individuals older than 21 years
- Sustained negative emotional arousal leads to diminished cognitive control and less activity in fronto-parietal circuitry
- This is associated with increased sustained activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
- There are discrepancies in the neural correlates of cognitive control in emotional and non-emotional contexts, indicating that legal and social policies should account for different social situations
Participant Demographics
- 110 participants, ages 13-25, from NYC and LA
- A diverse sample with representation from various racial and ethnic groups
- Sample had a range of ages to study development
- Participants were right-handed and without psychiatric conditions
- Participants underwent fMRI scans while performing an adapted emotional go/no-go task
- The task involved sustained levels of emotional arousal (threat, excitement, or neutral)
Methods
- Adapted emotional go/no-go task
- Used functional MRI (fMRI) to measure brain activity during the task
- Measured skin conductance response (SCR)
- Included debriefing questions for participant feedback on the reliability of task conditions
Behavioral Results
- Participants showed differences in expected outcomes across conditions based on displayed facial expressions and sound stimuli
- Findings supported the emotional state manipulation
- There were significant differences in performance across age groups in neutral conditions, in particular tasks related to fearful and happy expressions.
- There were significant differences in performance across age groups in emotionally arousing conditions relating to calm expressions
fMRI Results
- Reduced activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and thalamus was observed among both teens and young adults compared to adults during fearful stimuli.
- Increased activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was observed in teens and young adults during threat, compared to adults.
- This suggests altered recruitment of prefrontal circuitry in young adults and adolescents.
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Description
Explore the cognitive control variations among adolescents and young adults. This quiz delves into the impacts of emotional arousal on cognitive abilities from ages 13 to 25, highlighting differences in brain activity and legal definitions of adulthood. Understand how social contexts influence cognitive capacities in this crucial developmental period.
