Podcast
Questions and Answers
Why is the lateral prefrontal cortex considered an important interface in working memory?
Why is the lateral prefrontal cortex considered an important interface in working memory?
- It integrates current perceptual information with stored knowledge, facilitating complex cognitive processes. (correct)
- It primarily processes sensory information before relaying it to other brain regions.
- It serves as a direct storage site for long-term memories that are retrieved during working memory tasks.
- It suppresses irrelevant sensory input to prevent distraction during working memory tasks.
In the context of Baddeley and Hitch's model, what role does the central executive play in working memory?
In the context of Baddeley and Hitch's model, what role does the central executive play in working memory?
- It acts as a passive storage system for auditory information, retaining sounds for short durations.
- It serves as a direct interface between sensory input and long-term memory storage.
- It is primarily responsible for the long-term consolidation of newly acquired information.
- It manages and coordinates the flow of information between the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad. (correct)
How does the concept of 'double dissociation' inform our understanding of memory systems, cite the cases of patient HM and KF?
How does the concept of 'double dissociation' inform our understanding of memory systems, cite the cases of patient HM and KF?
- It proves that short-term memory and long-term memory are the same system, because damage to one impairs the other.
- It demonstrates that memory deficits are always the result of widespread brain damage, not specific lesions.
- It suggests that memory functions are diffusely organized throughout the brain, and that no single area is critical for any specific type of memory.
- It supports the idea that short-term memory and long-term memory are separate systems, as damage to one can leave the other intact, as seen in patients HM and KF. (correct)
What evidence suggests the lateral prefrontal cortex's role in working memory based on electrophysiological experiments?
What evidence suggests the lateral prefrontal cortex's role in working memory based on electrophysiological experiments?
In delayed response tasks, how do lesions to the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) specifically affect performance in primates?
In delayed response tasks, how do lesions to the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) specifically affect performance in primates?
How do findings from fMRI studies differentiate the roles of the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in working memory?
How do findings from fMRI studies differentiate the roles of the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in working memory?
What does evidence from fMRI facial working memory tasks suggest about the interaction between the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and posterior brain regions?
What does evidence from fMRI facial working memory tasks suggest about the interaction between the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and posterior brain regions?
Based on meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies, how does working memory activation differ in individuals with schizophrenia compared to neurotypical controls?
Based on meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies, how does working memory activation differ in individuals with schizophrenia compared to neurotypical controls?
In the context of working memory, how does the concept of 'capacity to guide behaviour by representation of stimuli' differ from a mere sensory response?
In the context of working memory, how does the concept of 'capacity to guide behaviour by representation of stimuli' differ from a mere sensory response?
How does the recency discrimination task assess working memory?
How does the recency discrimination task assess working memory?
If Patient W.R. with a brain tumor in the lateral prefrontal cortex reported feeling like they had "lost his ego", how does this align with the known functions of this brain region?
If Patient W.R. with a brain tumor in the lateral prefrontal cortex reported feeling like they had "lost his ego", how does this align with the known functions of this brain region?
How does cognitive control, as defined by Gazzaniga et al. (2014), influence behavior and thought processes?
How does cognitive control, as defined by Gazzaniga et al. (2014), influence behavior and thought processes?
In what way does the definition of working memory extend beyond the original concept of short-term memory?
In what way does the definition of working memory extend beyond the original concept of short-term memory?
How does the letter-number sequencing task assess working memory?
How does the letter-number sequencing task assess working memory?
Consider the N-back task. What cognitive demands does it place on participants?
Consider the N-back task. What cognitive demands does it place on participants?
In a delayed response task, what specifically is being tested when an animal or human is required to remember the location of a reward after a delay?
In a delayed response task, what specifically is being tested when an animal or human is required to remember the location of a reward after a delay?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between working memory and general intelligence?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between working memory and general intelligence?
What is the primary function of the visuospatial sketchpad in Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model?
What is the primary function of the visuospatial sketchpad in Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model?
How would damage to the phonological loop specifically affect cognitive abilities?
How would damage to the phonological loop specifically affect cognitive abilities?
What differentiates working memory from other aspects of executive function, such as inhibition control or cognitive flexibility?
What differentiates working memory from other aspects of executive function, such as inhibition control or cognitive flexibility?
Which of the following everyday tasks relies most heavily on working memory?
Which of the following everyday tasks relies most heavily on working memory?
How does the idea of 'blackboard of the mind' relate to working memory?
How does the idea of 'blackboard of the mind' relate to working memory?
How does the delayed response task provide insights into the role of the prefrontal cortex in working memory?
How does the delayed response task provide insights into the role of the prefrontal cortex in working memory?
What is the significance of the concept of working memory in understanding cognitive decline in older adults?
What is the significance of the concept of working memory in understanding cognitive decline in older adults?
How do early studies using delayed response tasks in monkeys support the role of the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in working memory?
How do early studies using delayed response tasks in monkeys support the role of the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in working memory?
According to meta-analysis studies, how specifically is dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activation affected in individuals with schizophrenia during tests of working memory?
According to meta-analysis studies, how specifically is dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activation affected in individuals with schizophrenia during tests of working memory?
How does the capacity of working memory to guide behavior via stimulus representation, as opposed to stimuli directly, allow for more flexible and adaptive responses?
How does the capacity of working memory to guide behavior via stimulus representation, as opposed to stimuli directly, allow for more flexible and adaptive responses?
Flashcards
Cognitive Control
Cognitive Control
Also known as executive function, it allows us to use perceptions, knowledge and goals to bias the selection of action and thoughts from a multitude of possibilities.
Working Memory
Working Memory
The short-term representation and manipulation of information required for complex cognitive tasks.
Phonological Loop
Phonological Loop
A hypothesised mechanism for acoustically coding information in working memory.
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Visuospatial Sketchpad
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Central Executive
Central Executive
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Double Dissociation
Double Dissociation
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Working Memory (Capacity)
Working Memory (Capacity)
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Lateral Prefrontal Cortex
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex
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Recency Discrimination Task
Recency Discrimination Task
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Letter-Number Sequencing Task
Letter-Number Sequencing Task
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Spatial Working Memory Task
Spatial Working Memory Task
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Delayed Response Tasks
Delayed Response Tasks
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Lesions to the Lateral PFC performance
Lesions to the Lateral PFC performance
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fMRI facial working memory task
fMRI facial working memory task
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Working memory in schizophrenia
Working memory in schizophrenia
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Study Notes
- Cognitive psychology is related to the neurobiology of memory
- The lecture is about the anatomy and role of the lateral prefrontal cortex, neuropsychological tests, and working memory in schizophrenia
Cognitive Control & Executive Function
- Cognitive control, also known as executive function, allows one to use perceptions, knowledge, and goals to bias the selection of actions and thoughts from a multitude of possibilities
- Cognitive control is essential for goal-oriented behavior and decision-making
- The prefrontal cortex (lateral and medial portions) plays a critical role in cognitive control
Working Memory
- Working memory is the short-term representation and manipulation of information for complex cognitive tasks
- Working memory involves mental processes that retain information over seconds to minutes
- Working memory is related to general intelligence and is necessary for language comprehension, reasoning, and problem-solving
- Short-term memory stores memory over seconds to minutes
- Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch revised the original model of short-term memory in 1974, calling it working memory
- A three-component model of working memory was proposed that includes:
- A central executive
- A phonological loop
- A visuospatial sketchpad
- The phonological loop is a mechanism for acoustically coding information in working memory
- The visuospatial sketchpad is a memory store that parallels the phonological loop and permits information storage in purely visual or visuospatial codes
- The central executive is a cognitive system that presides over and coordinates the interactions between the two subordinate systems: short-term memory stores and long-term memory
Double Dissociation
- Patient HM experienced damage to the medial temporal lobe, leading to long-term memory deficits
- Patient KF suffered a motorcycle accident that damaged his left parietal occipital region, impairing his short-term memory
- Patient HM and Patient KF form a double dissociation between long-term memory and short-term memory
- Double dissociation is a research process that demonstrates the action of two separable psychological or biological systems, such as different types of memory or functions of brain areas
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex
- The lateral prefrontal cortex facilitates working memory and serves as an interface between current perceptual information and stored knowledge
- The prefrontal cortex is important in goal-directed behavior
Neuropsychological Tests
- In recency discrimination tasks, participants view study cards and identify the most recently seen picture
- Participants must track relationships between presented stimuli, relying on working memory more than recognition
- Other neuropsychological tests include:
- Letter-number sequencing task from the Wechsler Memory Scale
- Spatial working memory task from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery
Delayed Response Tasks
- Early working memory studies involved delayed response tasks with monkeys
- Electrophysiological experiments showed persistently activated neurons in the lateral prefrontal cortex during the delay phase
- Lesions to the lateral PFC impair a primate's performance on delayed response tasks, although associative tasks were not impaired
- The N-back task has been used to study delayed response
- The delayed response task in humans using fMRI show green (dorsolateral PFC), and blue (ventrolateral PFC)
- More dorsolateral PFC engagement compared to ventrolateral PFC was observed during manipulation
- fMRI facial working memory task data suggested that with presented stimuli, there is more activity in the fusiform face area
- PFC activity remains high, but fusiform activity does not drop to baseline levels; suggesting this area continues to be active.
Schizophrenia
- Difficulties with working memory are a common feature in schizophrenia
- Some individuals with schizophrenia show alerted activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex during working memory
- Some individuals with schizophrenia show reduced activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during working memory tests, compared to neurotypical controls
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