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Questions and Answers
What dietary approach should be taken to prevent obesity in adolescents?
Which nutrient should be particularly emphasized for adolescent athletes?
What is a common warning sign of depression in adolescents?
Which method is NOT a recommended strategy to address adolescent pregnancy?
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Which of the following is a critical consideration for a 14-year-old boy who communicates with one-word answers?
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What is one of the major tasks an adolescent must navigate during their developmental stage?
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Which hormone signaling process initiates puberty during adolescence?
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What is a significant challenge adolescents face during their development?
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Which stage of development according to Erikson focuses on finding intimate relationships?
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How does culture influence adolescent behavior?
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What type of peer relationship is vital for adolescents to define themselves?
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Which characteristic is not typically associated with early adolescence?
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What is a common problem adolescents may face, suggesting the need for nursing approaches?
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What is a significant factor in the nutritional requirements of adolescents?
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Which of the following is NOT a common complication of adolescent sexual interaction?
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What should be emphasized when providing sex education to adolescents?
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What stage of cognitive development do adolescents begin to think abstractly according to Piaget?
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Which reasoning reflects a common misconception about drug use among adolescents?
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What should parents prioritize to effectively communicate with their adolescent children?
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What is a recognized warning sign that an adolescent may need intervention?
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Which nutrient is likely to be inadequately supplied in an adolescent's diet?
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What component of drug use assessment involves peer influence?
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What is one of the main developmental tasks during adolescence according to Erikson?
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What physiological change marks the beginning of puberty in females?
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Which hormone primarily influences male growth and development during puberty?
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What major psychosocial aspect develops during adolescence?
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Which of the following best describes the physical growth typical during adolescence?
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What is a key recommended practice for female adolescents regarding menstrual health?
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What does Piaget emphasize in cognitive development during adolescence?
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What can be a consequence of role confusion during adolescence?
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What often influences the development of body image during adolescence?
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Which developmental theory suggests adolescents transition from concrete to abstract thinking?
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Which aspect is crucial for maintaining privacy for adolescents?
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What is a major psychosocial task that adolescents must accomplish?
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What is a common concern during adolescence according to the developmental challenges?
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How can peer relationships during adolescence influence behavior?
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Which statement best describes the role of sex education for adolescents?
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What is a common risk associated with sexual experimentation during adolescence?
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What influence does culture have on adolescent identity formation?
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Which factor may indicate a need for psychosocial intervention in adolescents?
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During adolescence, what is a common characteristic related to body image?
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Which of the following is a consequence of adolescents' desire for independence?
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Which of the following is a significant challenge faced by adolescents during their development?
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Cultural background has no influence on adolescent behavior.
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What developmental stage according to Erikson focuses on establishing intimacy?
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Adolescence begins in girls between the ages of ___ and ___.
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Match the following developmental tasks with the corresponding theorist:
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What should parents do to help their children manage new challenges?
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Adolescents who receive sex education from informed adults tend to have a higher rate of sexual activity.
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Name one major complication associated with adolescent sexual interaction.
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The need for adolescents to cope with __________, peer pressure, and emotional depression can lead to drug experimentation and use.
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Match the following warning signs with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
General Characteristics
- Adolescence is the time of life when secondary sex characteristics appear and ends with the cessation of growth and emotional maturity
- Transition from childhood to adulthood is characterized by physical, cognitive, psychosocial, and sexual changes
- Adolescence is divided into three stages: early, middle, and late, because of the rapid changes that occur between 13 and 18 years of age.
Developmental Tasks
- Adolescents are tasked with establishing a sense of identity, separating from their family, initiating intimacy, and pursuing economic independence
- The major challenges faced during adolescence include rapid physical growth, developing coping strategies, communication skills, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle
- During this time, adolescents are navigating Freud’s genital stage, Erikson’s intimacy stage, and Piaget's abstract reasoning stage.
Growth and Development
- Adolescence begins in girls between 10 and 13 years old.
- The period of puberty is marked by rapid changes in the structure and function of the body
- During childhood, both boys and girls produce relatively equal amounts of androgens and estrogen
- The hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to stimulate the production of hormones by other endocrine glands
Psychosocial Development
- Adolescents develop a greater sense of identity and intimacy
- Cultural and spiritual considerations influence adolescent development
- Cultural backgrounds contribute to the development of behavior
- Body image becomes a major concern for adolescents
Peer Relationships
- Peer groups are vital in helping adolescents feel like they belong, define themselves, and develop intimacy
- The school plays an essential role in adolescent social development
- During adolescence, cliques are formed, and close personal relationships are developed with peers of the same sex.
- Social norms and pressures exerted by peers can cause problems with families.
Career Plans
- Adolescents must learn about themselves before they can choose a career that is best-suited for them.
- Parents are encouraged to observe their children's interests and foster the development of their talents
- School guidance counselors administer aptitude tests to help adolescents with career planning
- The career choices of adolescents should be made by their own free will.
Responsibility
- Parents must encourage their children to take on new challenges
- Examples of responsibilities include working, driving, and learning about money management
- Adolescents need to be taught how to use and balance a checkbook.
Cognitive Development
- Piaget’s theory posits that cognitive development is systematic, sequential, and orderly
- Early adolescents are still in the concrete phase of thinking
- By middle adolescence, the ability to think abstractly has increased
- The stage of formal operations emerges during adolescence
- Older adolescents can see situations from multiple viewpoints
- Abstract thinking emerges, allowing adolescents to analyze, reason and understand their own values and actions
Sexual Development
- Adolescents need to have opportunities to meet and become acquainted with members of the opposite sex
- Dating progresses through a variety of stages from groups to couples
- Sexual experimentation may be a part of adolescence
- Unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections are major complications of adolescent sexual activity due to a lack of protective measures.
Sex Education
- Puberty and sexuality is a challenging topic for adolescents
- Adolescents need age-appropriate information on topics such as contraception, pregnancy, and birth
- Abstinence and contraception should be discussed
- Decision making is emphasized
- Early sex education from caring parents or informed adults does not necessarily lead to a higher rate of sexual activity
- Adolescents may face concerns about being different from their peers related to sexual and physical development
- Homosexuality is a normal part of adolescent development and exploration is not indicative of adult sexual preference
Parenting the Adolescent
- It can be difficult for parents to cope with their adolescent children
- It's important for parents to listen to and understand their adolescent children, while also being supportive
- It is crucial for parents to maintain open lines of communication with their children
Health Promotion: Signs Intervention May Be Needed
- Warning signs that may indicate a psychosocial issue include:
- spending time on the computer in the early hours of the morning
- changing the screen on the computer when a parent enters the room
- having pornographic material on the computer
- making frequent long-distance calls
- These signs may require psychosocial intervention.
Nutrition
- Dietary deficiencies are more common in adolescence
- Nutritional needs are more strongly correlated with sexual maturity than age
- Adolescents are more likely to skip meals, eat more between-meal snacks, and eat out more.
- Calcium, iron, and vitamin B12 are the elements most likely to be inadequately supplied
Nutrition and School Examinations
- Protein-rich meals increase amino acids and tyrosine, which are broken down into norepinephrine and result in increased alertness
- Fish, soy, peanuts, and rice increase choline and acetylcholine in the brain, which results in increased memory
Sports and Nutrition
- Athletes often exhaust their reserves of muscle glycogen
- It is essential to consume slowly absorbed glucose sources to prevent the development of chronic low muscle energy stores
- Caffeine and alcohol deplete body water and should be avoided
- Anabolic steroids are detrimental to bone growth.
Personal Care
- Because of the bodily changes that occur during adolescence, frequent bathing is necessary
- Adolescents may have an interest in body piercings and cosmetic procedures.
- Dental health is important as adolescents are at increased risk for dental caries due to poor dental hygiene and snacking.
- It is important to teach adolescents about sun protection to prevent skin cancer.
Safety
- Road and off-road motor vehicle accidents are a major cause of death and injury for adolescents
- Learning how to swim and practicing water safety are important
- Body contact sports can be hazardous and it is essential to wear protective gear
- Be cautious about the female athlete triad:
- Eating disorder
- Amenorrhea
- Osteoporosis
Drug Use
- Adolescents are prone to mood swings as they adjust to the physical and psychological changes they are experiencing.
- Influences that increase the risk of drug use include the need to conform, peer pressure, and emotional depression.
- During an assessment, the acronym PACE (Parents, Peers, Pot; Alcohol, Automobiles; Cigarettes; Education) can be used to evaluate risk for drug use.
- An adolescent might be at risk for drug abuse if two or more factors on the PACE scale are areas of concern.
Depression
- Drug use may precede the development of depression.
- Warning signs of depression include changes in school performance, appearance, and behavior.
- A threat of suicide requires immediate intervention.
- The school nurse can play a critical role in recognizing, assessing, and addressing adolescent depression.
- It's important to encourage open communication, post hotline numbers, and provide professional referrals.
Adolescent Pregnancy
- Adolescent pregnancy poses unique challenges because the adolescent is still struggling to deal with developmental issues
- Some risk factors include:
- age when the pregnancy occurs
- nutritional intake
- sexual activity
- limited access to healthcare
- Tasks of an unplanned pregnancy include:
- Confirmation of pregnancy in the first trimester
- Focus on the baby as real in the second trimester
- Preparation for the baby and birth process in the third trimester.
The Nursing Approach to Adolescents
- Have open lines of communication
- Enable adolescents to feel at ease before initiating care or teaching
- Provide privacy
- Ensure confidentiality and respect
- Rebellion may be an effort at grasping independence
- Guide parents concerning the need to listen, understand, and share with their adolescent.
Common Problems of Adolescence
-
Smoking & Vaping
- Appeal to young adults due to easy access and flavor options
- May lead to nicotine addiction or poisoning
- Limited research on vaping product additives
- Diabetic users require caution
-
Drug Use
- Influenced by ease of access, mood swings and peer pressure
- Inhalants or huffing may be included, including:
- Gasoline
- Lighter fluid
- Hairspray
- Refrigerants
- Aerosols
- Paint removers and thinners
- Spot removers
-
PACE Assessment
- Used to assess risk for drug abuse
- P: Parents, Peer Pressure, & Pot
- A: Alcohol & Automobiles
- C: Cigarettes
- E: Education
- If two or more PACE areas present, high risk for drug abuse and requires referral
-
Depression
- May appear well-adjusted and perform well in school
- Warning signs include:
- Drug use
- Change in school performance
- Change in appearance
- Change in behavior
- Suicidal threats must be immediately addressed
- Assist adolescent with recognizing depression
- Open communication
- Provide available hotline numbers
- Identify appropriate coping mechanisms
- Provide professional referrals
-
Adolescent Pregnancy
- Prone to maternal and fetal complications due to underdeveloped body
- Unable to accommodate pregnancy-related changes
- Nutritional intake often insufficient
- Lack of safe sex practices
- Limited access to healthcare
-
Nursing Care
-
First Trimester
- Confirmation of pregnancy
- Focus on healthy behaviors
-
Second Trimester
- Focus on newborn as “real”
- Preserve adolescent image
- Assist with disclosure to family and friends
-
Third Trimester
- Prepare for labor and newborn care
- Consider childbirth education
- Arrange child care
-
First Trimester
Check on Learning
-
Signs of depression in adolescents include:
- Change in school performance
- Decrease in appetite during the school day
-
Most accidents involving adolescents occur when:
- They drive a car or other vehicle
-
Helping Megan
- Provide accurate information about contraception.
- Explore alternative resources for Megan to access information about contraception (like a teen clinic)
- Discuss the implications of pregnancy at a young age
-
Problems faced by adolescents who become parents:
- Missed educational opportunities
- Limited career options
- Financial stress
- Relationship challenges
- Emotional maturity
Nursing Approach to Adolescents
-
Nursing Considerations
- Open communication
- Sense of humor
- Maintain privacy, confidentiality, and respect
- Help parents distinguish between normal and problematic behaviors
- Recognize that hostility and rebellion are often related to fear or the need for independence
- Provide healthcare education
-
Strategies to establish rapport with a 14-year-old boy who gives short responses
- Show genuine interest in him
- Engage in non-threatening conversation to build trust
- Use open-ended questions
- Respect his personal space and boundaries
- Use a calm and non-judgmental tone
- Follow his lead and let him dictate the pace of the conversation
General Characteristics
- Adolescence begins with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and concludes with emotional maturity and the cessation of growth
- Major tasks include establishing identity, separating from family, initiating intimacy, and pursuing economic independence.
- Adolescence can be divided into early, middle, and late stages.
Challenges of Adolescence
- Rapid physical and physiological changes
- Maintaining privacy
- Social conformity and pressures
- Maintaining open communication
- Developing positive and healthy life choices
Developmental Tasks
- Freud: Adolescence is a time of moving from narcissism to altruism
- Erikson: Identity and self-esteem are the key developmental tasks. Adolescents learn to understand themselves in relation to others.
- Piaget: Adolescents develop abstract reasoning, with an increased focus on problem solving and moral reasoning.
Physical Growth and Development
- Puberty begins in preadolescence, with reproductive organs becoming functional.
- Secondary sex characteristics develop as androgen and estrogen exert their influence
- Tanner's Stages of Sexual Maturity help track the physical growth and development of the adolescent.
- Growth spurt occurs during adolescence.
Male Growth and Development
- Puberty usually begins between the ages of 10 and 13 years old.
- Hormonal and gonadal changes occur, with increased testosterone, LH, and gonadotropin production.
- Physical changes include shoulders widening, pectoral muscles enlarging, voice deepening, body hair growth, and genital enlargement and pigmentation.
- Sperm production begins.
- Encourage good personal hygiene and male adolescents should be taught about how to do monthly testicular self-exams.
Female Growth and Development
- Puberty begins with menarche, usually around 12-13 years old.
- Changes in fat deposition occur, with an increase around the hips, thighs, breasts, and genitalia.
- Body hair growth occurs.
- Female adolescents should be taught about how to do monthly breast self-exams.
Menstrual Health
- Education about menstruation is key before menarche.
- Internal or external menstrual products can be used.
- Non-scented products are preferred.
- Hand hygiene is essential before and after product use.
- Choose the least absorbency tolerable to lower the risk of Toxic Shock Syndrome.
- To prevent irritation and infection, use only soap and water to clean, wear clothing with adequate ventilation, and wipe front-to-back.
Psychosocial Development
- Adolescents are developing their sense of identity, intimacy, body image, and understanding of cultural and spiritual considerations.
Sense of Identity
- Physical and cognitive growth may occur at different rates, which can affect self-esteem and adjustment.
- Adolescents are seeking to develop their individuality and strive for both freedom and independence.
- They are working toward emancipation and their self-concept fluctuates, often being influenced by external sources.
Sense of Intimacy
- Adolescents take risks to form relationships and can experience avoidance, leading to isolation.
- They may question parental values and morals and are sensitive to hypocrisy.
- They need practice making decisions and they are experiencing a loving detachment from parents.
Cultural and Spiritual Considerations
- Not all cultures value independence.
- Some cultures have distinct social roles and value the good of the family over the individual.
- Adolescents may decide to embrace or separate from family values.
- Exposure to outside concepts, symbols, and religions helps to develop group identity.
Body Image
- Egocentrism and the "imaginary audience" may lead adolescents to flaunt or hide themselves.
- Body image can be complicated by disability, illness, or mental health issues.
- Early adolescents need to fit in with peers, while late adolescents may enjoy individuality.
Peer Relationships
- Forming peer relationships helps adolescents create a sense of belonging and allows them to experiment with social behaviors.
- School provides opportunities for social interaction.
- Cliques and best friends form. Peer groups establish "normality."
- Social norms and pressures may cause problems.
- Adolescents may have confrontations with family due to peer pressure.
- Peer relationships can impact feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem.
Career Plans
- Adolescents should know themselves before choosing a career best-suited for them.
- They are already in preparation for the future through their school, grades, and activities.
- Aptitude tests are often administered to adolescents during this time.
- It's important to encourage exploration of various fields.
- Adolescents should choose careers based on their own free will.
Responsibility
- Adolescents desire challenges and new responsibilities.
- Working, driving, and understanding the value of money are important steps towards gaining independence.
- Allowance, jobs, and teaching adolescents how to budget are important components of financial literacy.
Cognitive Development
- Piaget’s Theory: Adolescents transition from concrete to abstract thinking in the formal operations stage.
- They develop the ability to sympathize and empathize, understand their own values and behaviors, and accept differing values and behaviors in others.
- Educate adolescents based on their intellectual and emotional developmental level.
- They may spend a lot of time daydreaming.
Sexual Development
- Adolescent sexual development includes learning about sexual behaviors and sex education.
Sexual Behavior
- Adolescents become acquainted with members of the opposite sex.
- They begin dating in groups, couples, or as a double date.
- Cultural background influences dating experiences.
- Break-ups are common, and can create struggles with parents for independence.
- Adolescents learn to explore their urges in socially acceptable ways.
Sexual Experimentation
- Peer pressure, pleasure, curiosity, seeking love, and media influence play roles in sexual experimentation.
- Sexual experimentation can affect growth and development.
- Unplanned pregnancy and STIs are major complications of adolescent sexual interaction.
Sex Education
- Adolescents often receive inaccurate information from peers and media.
- Early and factual information from parents is ideal.
- Schools should provide comprehensive sex education programs that are inclusive and age-appropriate.
- Decision-making and possible consequences should be emphasized.
Exploring Differences
- Early developers and late bloomers may experience concerns about being different.
- Social pressures influence gender stereotypes.
- Males are often defined by activity and achievement, while females are defined by sensitivity and interpersonal competence.
Homosexuality
- Sexual attraction to a person of the same sex.
- During adolescence, exploration of sexuality is not a predictor of adult sexual preference.
- Promote coping mechanisms for dealing with peer reactions.
Parenting the Adolescent
- Parenting styles may shift, transitioning from authoritarian to negotiation.
- Privacy and trust are major conflict areas.
- Adolescents need help sorting out their confusion and fears.
- They may seek adults outside the family as role models and confidants.
- Open, respectful, and confidential communication is key.
Warning Signs That May Warrant Psychosocial Intervention
- Spends time on the computer in the early hours of the morning
- Changes the screen on the computer when a parent enters the room
- Has pornographic material on the computer
- Makes frequent long-distance phone calls
Health Promotion and Guidance
- Adolescents often have dietary deficiencies due to growth acceleration, irregular eating patterns (skipped meals, snacking, dining out), and a lack of calcium, iron, and vitamin B12.
- Nutritional requirements are more strongly correlated with sexual maturity ratings than with chronological age.
Preventing Obesity in Adolescents
- Use MyPlate as a dietary guide.
- Discourage dieting and skipping meals.
- Encourage family meals.
- Discuss healthy eating.
- Focus on healthy food over weight.
Nutrition Considerations
- Vegans and vegetarians may have additional supplementation needs.
- Be mindful of foods that inhibit nutrient absorption.
- Athletes require carbohydrates and increased fluid intake to promote muscle energy stores and recovery.
- Avoid anabolic steroids.
Nutrition for Success
- Protein-rich meals can increase amino acids and tyrosine, resulting in increased alertness.
- Fish, soy, peanuts, and rice increase choline and acetylcholine in the brain, resulting in improved memory.
Carbohydrates, Fat & Cholesterol
- Carbohydrates are essential for energy and should be balanced with other nutrients to prevent unwanted weight gain.
- Fat and cholesterol are also important for growth and development, but should be consumed in moderation.
Nursing Role in Nutrition
- Understand adolescent eating patterns and identify fad diets.
- Discuss diet selection and evaluate and discuss deficiencies.
Personal Care
- Pay attention to hygiene, dental health, and sunbathing.
- Encourage safe sports participation and identify warning signs of potential injuries.
Hygiene
- Adolescents require frequent bathing and deodorant use.
- They may also use hair removal products, cosmetics, and other procedures.
- Encourage sharing of razors and toothbrushes.
- Discuss menstrual hygiene practices.
- Guidelines for safe body piercing should be taught.
Dental Health
- Adolescents are at risk for dental caries due to inadequate maintenance and snacking on sugary treats.
- Poor dental hygiene can contribute to poor nutrition.
- Adolescents may use corrective orthodontic appliances during this time.
Sunbathing
- Teach adolescents the importance of sun protection, emphasizing using SPF 30 or higher and eye protection.
- Encourage them to avoid artificial tanning machines, as this significantly increases the risk of early aging and skin cancer.
Safety
- Motor vehicles are the leading cause of injury and death for adolescents.
- Emphasize preventing motor vehicle accidents through driver's training courses and traffic compliance.
- Safety equipment should be used when applicable, such as helmets for motorcycles, scooters, and bikes.
- Promote swim safety, including avoiding diving in unsafe areas, not using alcohol or drugs while swimming, and the proper use of jet skis and water equipment.
- Encourage gun safety.
Sports Injuries
- Contact sports can be hazardous.
- Protective gear should be encouraged for all sports activities.
- Caution adolescents about the "female athlete triad," which is a combination of eating disorders, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis that may develop in female athletes.
- Comprehensive cardiovascular screening for athletes is crucial.
Common Problems of Adolescence
-
Smoking & Vaping:
- Easy access and flavored options appeal to young adults.
- May lead to nicotine addiction or poisoning.
- Limited research on additives found in vaping products.
- Caution diabetic users.
-
Drug Use
- Influenced by ease of access, mood swings, and peer pressure.
- May include inhalants or huffing.
- Examples of inhalants include gasoline, lighter fluid, hairspray, refrigerants, aerosols, paint removers, and thinners.
- Educate adolescents regarding the dangers of drug experimentation and use.
-
Depression
- May appear well-adjusted and perform well in school.
- Warning signs include drug use, a change in school performance, change in appearance, and change in behavior.
- Suicidal threats must be addressed immediately .
- Assist adolescents with recognizing depression.
- Provide open communication.
- Post numbers of available hotlines.
- Identify appropriate coping mechanisms.
- Provide professional referrals.
-
Adolescent Pregnancy
- Prone to maternal and fetal complications due to underdeveloped bodies.
- Unable to accommodate pregnancy-related changes.
- Nutritional intake often insufficient.
- Limited access to healthcare.
- Lack of safe sex practices.
- Nursing care should focus on:
- 1st Trimester: Confirmation of pregnancy and focus on healthy behaviors.
- 2nd Trimester: Focus on newborn as “real” and preservation of self-image. Assist with disclosure to family and friends.
- 3rd Trimester: Prepare for labor and newborn care. Consider childbirth education and arrange for childcare.
Check on Learning:
- Sign of Depression: Change in school performance.
- Most Accidents: Driving a car or other vehicle
-
Help for Megan:
- Discuss responsible sexual behaviors and contraception options.
- Encourage Megan to make informed choices about her sexuality.
-
Problems for Adolescent Parents:
- Financial instability.
- Limited social support.
- Disrupted education.
- Increased stress.
- Risk of child neglect or abuse.
Nursing Approach to Adolescents:
- Nursing Considerations:
- Open communication.
- Sense of humor.
- Privacy, confidentiality, and respect.
- Assist parents with distinguishing normal vs. problematic behaviors.
- Hostility and rebellion may be related to fear or need for independence.
- Provide healthcare education.
Check on Learning:
- Rapport with Adolescent:
- Try active listening and empathetic responses.
- Use open-ended questions and encourage the adolescent to express themselves.
- Create a safe and non-judgmental environment.
- Respect the adolescent’s need for space and privacy.
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Description
This quiz explores the key characteristics and developmental tasks associated with adolescence. It covers physical, cognitive, and emotional changes, as well as the major challenges faced during this crucial stage of life. Test your knowledge on Freud's, Erikson's, and Piaget's theories as they relate to adolescent growth.
