ADHD: Understanding the Disorder

Study Notes

What is ADHD?

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development.

DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for ADHD

Inattention: • Fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes • Has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities • Does not seem to listen when spoken to directly • Does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork or duties in the workplace • Has difficulty organizing tasks and activities • Avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort • Loses things necessary for tasks and activities • Is easily distracted by extraneous stimuli • Is forgetful in daily activities
Hyperactivity and Impulsivity: • Fidgets with or taps hands or feet, or squirms in seat • Leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is expected • Runs about or climbs in situations where it is inappropriate • Unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly • Is "on the go," acting as if "driven by a motor" • Talks excessively • Blurts out an answer before a question has been completed • Has difficulty waiting their turn • Interrupts or intrudes on others
Additional Criteria: • Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present before age 12 years • Several symptoms are present in two or more settings • There is straightforward evidence that the symptoms interfere with or reduce the quality of social, academic, or occupational functioning • The symptoms do not occur exclusively during schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder and are not better explained by another mental disorder

Prevalence in Canada

ADHD affects 5-9% of children and adolescents in Canada
The prevalence among adults is estimated to be around 2.9%
ADHD is more commonly diagnosed in boys than girls during childhood, with a ratio of about 2:1 to 3:1
In adulthood, the prevalence is more evenly distributed between men and women

Populations Experiencing Higher Rates

Boys are diagnosed with ADHD more frequently in childhood
Children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are diagnosed more frequently due to factors like access to healthcare and educational resources
Indigenous populations in Canada may experience higher rates of ADHD due to various socio-economic factors

Co-occurrence with Addiction

ADHD commonly co-occurs with substance use disorders (SUDs)
15-25% of adults with SUDs have ADHD
Individuals with ADHD may use substances as a form of self-medication to manage their symptoms

Treatment Options and Prognosis in Canada

Medications: • Stimulants: Methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin), amphetamines (e.g., Adderall) • Non-stimulants: Atomoxetine (Strattera), guanfacine (Intuniv), clonidine (Kapvay)
Psychotherapy: • Behavioral Therapy: Focuses on changing specific behaviors and developing strategies to manage symptoms • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Helps in managing time, organization, and planning skills