ADHD Developmental Stages

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of ADHD in preschool-age children in terms of hyperactivity?

They have a sense of danger and listen to warnings.

They are very patient and able to focus.

They are unable to settle down. (correct)

They are able to settle down quickly.

What is a characteristic of ADHD in adolescence in terms of impulsivity?

They listen carefully before answering questions.

They speak before thinking and don't plan ahead. (correct)

They are very patient and methodical in their decision-making.

They are very detail-oriented and pay attention to warnings.

What is a characteristic of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in school-age children?

They are very restless and fidgety.

They are drowsy, confused, and disoriented. (correct)

They are very outgoing and popular.

They are very energetic and hard to settle down.

What is a type of sleep disorder that can occur in individuals with ADHD?

Dysomnia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe children with Sluggish Cognitive Tempo ADHD?

Concentration Deficit Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the brain region that is affected in both ADHD and sleep problems?

Prefrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of reduced sleep on ADHD symptoms?

It increases symptoms of ADHD. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of subsiding sleep symptoms early on in individuals with ADHD?

It has a better prognosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of executive function in kids?

To control their behavior and be influenced by delayed reinforcers Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the executive functions described by Barkley?

Internalized speech and working memory Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of children with ADHD?

They have difficulty regulating their own moods Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?

Persistent vindictiveness over the course of 6 months Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of ODD on others?

It causes significant distress to parents, teachers, and peers Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavior exhibited by individuals with ODD?

Argumentative and defiant behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between ODD and other disorders?

ODD involves vindictiveness, whereas other disorders do not Signup and view all the answers

How long must ODD symptoms last to qualify for a diagnosis?

At least 6 months Signup and view all the answers

At what age do hyperactive symptoms typically appear in individuals with ADHD?

3-4 Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of inattention symptoms in adolescence?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical gender ratio of ADHD in clinical settings?

10:1 Signup and view all the answers

What is a common academic problem experienced by individuals with ADHD?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

How do parents of children with ADHD tend to interact with their kids?

More hostile and less sensitive Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of peer rejection in children with ADHD?

Development of negative reputations Signup and view all the answers

Why are children with ADHD more likely to experience peer rejection?

Because of their symptoms and comorbid disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for conduct problems in individuals with ADHD?

Negative parent-child interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of children with a child onset developmental pathway?

Difficulty with emotional regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) in adulthood?

Child onset developmental pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between child onset and adolescent onset developmental pathways?

Age of onset of symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the Social Information Processing Model?

Perceiving, interpreting, and solving social dilemmas Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of children with adolescent onset developmental pathway?

Strong need for autonomy Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the adolescent onset developmental pathway in adulthood?

Behavior and employment problems Signup and view all the answers

What is the second step in the Social Information Processing Model?

Interpret cues Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of children with Conduct Disorder?

Increased display of aggression Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of harsh disciplinary techniques in children?

They believe aggressive behavior is the best way to resolve conflicts Signup and view all the answers

What is a strong predictor of adolescent-onset conduct problems?

Low parental monitoring Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of children's misbehavior being attributed to internal, stable problems?

Parents are more likely to feel powerless Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Parent-Management Training (PMT)?

To teach parents to set clear expectations and reinforce positive behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the Child Onset CD pathway characterized by?

Inheriting genetic risk for CD Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of parental psychopathology on children?

Children are more likely to develop conduct problems Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of low parental monitoring?

Children are more likely to develop conduct problems Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the 4 phases of Parent-Management Training (PMT)?

To improve parent-child interactions and reduce coercive behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the Adolescent Onset Conduct Disorder pathway?

Youth will continue to display disruptive behavior into their 20s Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Robin's Paradox?

Most adults with antisocial behavior had a history of it in childhood, but most children with antisocial behavior in childhood do not become antisocial adults Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Development of ADHD Symptoms

In preschool age, activities are brief (10 minutes) and hyperactive symptoms are present.
In school-age years, persistence in tasks is less than 20-30 minutes, and details are often forgotten.
In college years, forgetting appointments and assignments, and having less patience for long-term projects are common.

Hyperactivity

In preschool age, children cannot be settled.
In school years, restlessness is prominent.
In adolescence, fidgeting and squirming are common.
In college years, feelings of restlessness are reported.

Impulsivity

In preschool age, children show no sense of danger and do not listen to warnings.
In school years, blurring out answers, interrupting others, and having accidents are common.
In adolescence, speaking before thinking, and having no planning ahead are typical.
In college years, acting before thinking, making quick decisions, and reckless driving are common.

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo

Characterized by few or no symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, but predominantly inattentive.
In school years, children may appear drowsy, confused, spacey, and disoriented, and have problems making friends.
They may take a long time to respond and have trouble engaging in classroom activities.
Traditional ADHD medications may be less effective for this type.
Also referred to as "Concentration Deficit Disorder" to avoid negative terminology.

Sleep Problems

Dysomnias: refusing to fall asleep, problems falling asleep, and waking up in the morning.
Movement disorders: sleep talking, grinding teeth, and excessive tossing and turning.
Parasomnia: night wakings, recurrent nightmares, or terrors.
Reduced sleep can increase problems with attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
The earlier sleep symptoms are addressed, the better the prognosis.

Prevalence

Hyperactive symptoms are present at 3-4 years old.
Inattention increases at 5-8 years old, leading to a diagnosis of combined presentation.
Inattention is prominent at 9-12 years old, with a disproportionate number of girls being diagnosed later as predominantly inattentive.
Attention and concentration problems in adolescence are linked to substance use and car accidents.
⅔ of adults continue to have inattention and restlessness.

Gender Ratio

Clinically, the ratio is 10:1 (boys:girls), but in community samples, it's 3:1.
The large gap is likely due to referral bias, as boys are more likely to have conduct and externalizing symptoms.

Academic Problems

Lower achievement scores, more school problems, memory problems, and cognitive processing problems.
Cognitive problems can cause children to miss information presented to them.
Problems with working memory interfere with the ability to perform multi-step academic tasks.

Parent-Child Interactions

Parents of children with ADHD are more hostile, less sensitive, and less responsive.
Children with ADHD are more negative and more defiant.
Negative interactions can lead to ODD and conduct disorder later.

Peer Rejection or Neglect

Peer rejection can lead to negative reputations, which can worsen ADHD symptoms.
Kids with ADHD often develop negative relationships, which can affect their social and emotional wellbeing.

Executive Function

Focuses on controlling behavior rather than having behavior controlled by stimuli.
Four basic functions: working memory, internalized speech, emotional regulation, and creative problem-solving.

Conduct Disorder, Intermittent Explosive Disorder, and ODD

ODD: angry, irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behavior, and vindictiveness toward others.
Conduct Disorder: a developmental pathway where kids show conduct problems before age 10, leading to a risk of ASPD in adulthood.

An approach to perceiving, interpreting, and solving social dilemmas or disputes.
Six steps: encoding cues, interpreting cues, clarifying goals, and responding.

Coercive Family Process

Parents negatively reinforce noncompliance when children throw tantrums, while children reinforce parents backing down.

Hostile Parenting Behavior

Harsh disciplinary techniques, verbal and physical abuse, and low parental monitoring.

Treatment for Conduct Problems

Parent-Management Training (PMT): a behavioral intervention focusing on reducing coercive parent-child interactions and promoting positive reinforcement.

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Description

Understand how ADHD symptoms change across different life stages, from preschool to college years. Learn about the differences in attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.