ADHD and Substance Use Disorders Overview
62 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is ADHD defined as?

Neuropsychiatric condition that can affect all ages, but onset in vast majority thought to be in childhood (<12 years)

What are the two main symptoms of ADHD?

  • Diminished sustained attention and increased impulsivity or hyperactivity (correct)
  • Difficulty concentrating and hyperactivity
  • Lack of motivation and impulsivity
  • Short attention span and inability to focus

    • ADHD only affects children.

    False

    What percentage of adults who experience ADHD symptoms in childhood continue to have them in adulthood?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major types of ADHD presentation?

    <p>Predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive/impulsive, and combined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some inattentive symptom of ADHD in children?

    <p>Losing things, distractibility, and forgetfulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms of ADHD in children?

    <p>Restlessness, inability to sit still, and excessive talking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the DSM-V criteria for ADHD, symptoms must be present for at least 6 months and before the age of 12.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Several ADHD symptoms need to be present in only one setting.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADH symptoms must interfere with or reduce the quality of social, school, or work functioning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Other disorders can be ruled out when diagnosing ADHD.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ADHD presentation involves 6 or more symptoms of inattention, but few of hyperactivity/impulsivity?

    <p>Predominantly Inattentive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ADHD presentation involves 6 or more symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity, but few of inattention?

    <p>Predominantly Hyperactive/Impulsive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adults with ADHD present with the same symptoms as children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one inattentive symptom of ADHD in adults?

    <p>Careless mistakes at work/school</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom of ADHD in adults?

    <p>Leaving their seat during meetings/lectures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adults with ADHD only need to meet 5 or more criteria for diagnosis, rather than 6 or more.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    New-onset ADHD in adulthood is common.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cause of new-onset ADHD in adulthood is well understood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adults with ADHD may experience delayed development of symptoms that were masked in childhood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adults with ADHD have a low rate of psychiatric comorbidity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults with ADHD may have a comorbid mood disorder?

    <p>20-40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a substance use disorder?

    <p>Chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking disorders, loss of control over drug intake, and negative affect when access to the drug is withheld.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substance use disorders can include physical symptoms and signs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many people in the US are estimated to have a substance use disorder?

    <p>Over 7 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relapses are uncommon in substance use disorders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Morbidity and mortality are low in substance use disorders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased mortality in substance use disorders is only due to direct effects of the drug.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Morbidity in substance use disorders is only due to medical conditions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the general stages of addiction?

    <p>Acute reinforcement and drug use, escalation of drug use/dependence, and late stage (withdrawal/incubation/relapse)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substances indirectly activate the same neurological systems involved in motivation and drive for natural reinforcers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long-term changes in certain neuroanatomical regions underlie habit formation in addiction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Executive function and inhibitory control are enhanced in addiction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long-term changes to networks involved in reward and executive function in addiction can increase the likelihood of relapse.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relapse is more likely to occur with social, environmental, and stress cues.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stages of addiction can only occur in a specific order.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some key brain areas involved in substance use?

    <p>Midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NA), amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and dorsal striatum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is associated with the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA)?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nucleus accumbens is part of the ventral striatum, also known as the basal ganglia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amygdala is located rostral to the hippocampus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main pathways involved in stage 1 of addiction (acute reinforcement/drug use)?

    <p>Mesocorticolimbic and mesolimbic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mesolimbic pathway involves the VTA, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs of abuse can cause greater than normal increases in DA release from the VTA.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mesocortical pathway is responsible for regulating emotion, executive functions, and cognitive control.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs of abuse do not hijack the reward system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prefrontal cortex is involved in habit formation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are only dopamine-dependent pathways involved in addiction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abormal circuits in the brain become strengthened during stage 2 of addiction (escalation of use and dependence).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the dorsal striatum in addiction?

    <p>Habit formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dorsal striatum is more involved in regulating movements and habits than in reward.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Impairments in prefrontal cortical areas underlie loss of behavioral control and inhibition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amygdala is deactivated during stage 3 of addiction (withdrawal/incubation/relapse).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stress can amplify the effects of addiction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The VTA is involved in all stages of addiction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is a clear understanding of the neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of ADHD.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animal models are as accurate as human studies for researching ADHD.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The default-mode network is only active during rest.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with ADHD have an excessively active alerting-mode network.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neurochemistry of ADHD involves D1 receptors and alpha-adrenoreceptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stimulant medications have no impact on dopamine uptake transporters.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADHD is equally implicated on both sides of the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neuroanatomy of ADHD is well understood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Asynchronous Topic 2

    • This asynchronous topic covers the biomedicine of ADHD and substance use disorders.

    ADHD - Overview

    • ADHD is a neuropsychiatric condition affecting all ages, primarily starting in childhood (before age 12).
    • Key characteristics include diminished sustained attention, increased impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity.
    • ADHD affects approximately 5-8% of school-aged children and a similar percentage of adults (5-6%).
    • Approximately 60% of those with childhood-onset ADHD continue to show symptoms in adulthood.
    • Three types of ADHD presentations exist: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive/impulsive, and combined.

    DSM-V ADHD Criteria (Children/Adolescents)

    • Symptoms must have persisted for over six months and appeared before age 12.
    • Inattentive symptoms include problems with attention to detail, frequent mistakes, difficulty maintaining attention, appearing not to listen when spoken to, poor follow-through on tasks, organizational difficulties, procrastination, losing things, being easily distracted, and forgetfulness.
    • Hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms include fidgeting, restlessness, inability to stay seated, inappropriate running or climbing, difficulty engaging in quiet activities, talking excessively, blurting out answers, interrupting others, and inability to wait for their turn.
    • Symptoms must occur in two or more settings (e.g., home, school, work).
    • Symptoms must interfere with social, school, or work functioning.
    • Other disorders must be ruled out
    • Different presentations are predominantly inattentive (six or more inattention symptoms, fewer hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms) and predominantly hyperactive/impulsive (six or more hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms, fewer inattention symptoms).

    DSM-V ADHD Criteria (Adults)

    • Adults present with ADHD symptoms similar to children, but some differences exist.
    • Inattentive symptoms in adults include careless mistakes, difficulty maintaining attention, not listening, failing to follow instructions, difficulty finishing tasks, organization challenges, procrastination, losing things, being easily distracted, and forgetfulness.
    • Hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms in adults include fidgeting, restlessness, leaving seats inappropriately, blurting out answers, interrupting others, inability to wait, and talking excessively.
    • Instead of needing six or more criteria, five or more criteria are sufficient for diagnosis.

    Substance Use Disorders

    • Substance use disorders are chronic, relapsing disorders characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and use, leading to a loss of control.
    • Outcomes include withdrawal, negative consequences from drug access being withheld, and other physical symptoms.
    • Over 7 million in the US have a substance use disorder.
    • Relapses are frequent in substance use and are accompanied by high rates of morbidity and mortality, due to factors such as excess mortality due to overdoses and direct/indirect effects of substances (cardiovascular, hepatic, or infectious diseases).
    • Morbidity correlates with other psychiatric disorders and negative impacts on social networks and employment/education.

    Stages of Substance Use: Stages, Theories

    • Addiction progresses through stages:
    • Stage 1: Acute reinforcement and drug use - Substances activate the same neurological systems for natural reinforcement.
    • Stage 2: Escalation of drug use/dependence - Brain areas involved in acute reinforcement undergo long-term changes in certain neuroanatomical regions related to habit formation. Executive functioning and inhibitory control areas undergo harmful changes.
    • Stage 3: Late stage – withdrawal/incubation/relapse --Long-term changes in reward and executive functions increase the likelihood of relapse when cues are present (social or environmental). Relapse is also triggered by stress and small amounts of substance.

    Stages of Substance Use: Neuroanatomy, Neurochemistry: Key Brain Areas

    • Key brain areas involved in substance use include midbrain (ventral tegmental area, dopaminergic), nucleus accumbens (part of ventral striatum), amygdala (rostral to hippocampus), hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum (e.g., putamen, caudate).

    Stages of Substance Use: Neuroanatomy, Neurochemistry: Stage 1 (acute reinforcement/drug use)

    • The mesocorticolimbic pathway is a major reward pathway in humans.
    • Mesolimbic; VTA (ventral tegmental area) – nucleus accumbens – reinforcement and reward
    • Drugs of abuse trigger significant increases in dopamine (DA) release from VTA, causing stronger reinforcement.
    • Mesocortical pathway connects VTA to the cortex, including the prefrontal cortex, regulating emotion, executive function, and cognitive control.

    Stages of Substance Use: Neuroanatomy, Neurochemistry: Stage 2 (Escalation of Use and Dependence)

    • Dorsal striatum is involved in cue-associated drug seeking and administration.
    • Goal-directed drug-seeking behavior and craving.
    • Dorsal striatum involved in mostly regulating movements/habits (not reward.)
    • Prefrontal cortical areas likely underlie loss of behavioral control and inhibition.

    Stages of Substance Use: Neuroanatomy, Neurochemistry: Stage 3 (Withdrawal and Relapse)

    • The Ventral tegmental area (VTA) is implicated in all stages of addiction.
    • Core areas of nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex are the common pathway for relapse behavior.
    • Limbic regions (e.g., Hippocampus and amygdala) facilitate cue-related relapses or cravings late in the development of addiction.
    • The limbic lobe (e.g.,nucleus accumbens, amygdala, other parts) are activated by stress, triggering relapse.

    Neuroanatomy/Neurochemistry of ADHD

    • Very limited understanding of ADHD based on well-proven human research. Animal models are less comprehensive, and multiple theories have been applied to human neuroimaging findings. Some heterogeneity in findings present in human research.
    • Deficits in inhibiting motor or attention involve similar areas from the frontal cortex that are activated during executive functioning, or in areas of the dorsal striatum including the caudate/thalamus.
    • The putamen, rather than the striatum overall, is the key area associated with attentional tasks.
    • Challenges with temporal perception (timing) may also be associated with parietal regions and the cerebellum in some instances.
    • Enhanced reward anticipation/sensitivity are associated with similar pathways as those in substance-use disorders (ventral striatum, VTA).
    • Increased emphasis is seen on immediate vs. delayed reinforcement.
    • The default-mode network (active at rest) and the alerting-mode network (maintaining attention) are involved in ADHD as well.
    • D1 receptors and alpha-adrenoreceptors are likely affected/activated by stimulant medications, influencing dopamine uptake transporters.
    • Differences are seen between the brain networks for ADHD and the ones for substance use disorders. Often the right side of the brain is implicated but not the left side.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    BMS 200 Async Topic 2: ADHD & Substance Use PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the biomedicine of ADHD, focusing on its characteristics, prevalence, and criteria from the DSM-V. Gain insights into the different types of ADHD presentations and their impact on individuals throughout their lives.

    More Like This

    ADHD
    69 questions

    ADHD

    HallowedHeliotrope avatar
    HallowedHeliotrope
    ADHD Definitions and History Quiz
    10 questions

    ADHD Definitions and History Quiz

    CleanHolly avatar
    CleanHolly
    ADHD Diagnostic Criteria Quiz
    16 questions

    ADHD Diagnostic Criteria Quiz

    GutsyOnyx7217 avatar
    GutsyOnyx7217
    Understanding ADHD-PI in Children
    15 questions

    Understanding ADHD-PI in Children

    GutsyOnyx7217 avatar
    GutsyOnyx7217
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser