إدارة العائد في الصناعات المختلفة

Production Management - Part 2

• Historical Evolution of Operations Management: The roots of modern goods production lie in the Industrial Revolution, beginning in the 1770s in England. Prior to that, goods were crafted by hand in small shops.

• Craft Production: Highly skilled workers used simple tools to create customized goods in small quantities. This method had significant drawbacks: slow, costly production, and no economies of scale (costs didn't decrease as output increased).

• Standard Gauging Systems: The Industrial Revolution progressed with the development of standard gauging systems, allowing for the production of standardized goods in factories. This addressed the limitations of craft production.

• Scientific Management: Frederick Taylor introduced principles of scientific management to improve efficiency and productivity in production processes.

• Interchangeable Parts: Identical parts precisely designed to fit into any assembly or product of the same type were introduced to increase efficiency and quality.

• Division of Labor: Breaking down production into smaller, specialized tasks, enables workers to become highly proficient in their specific portions of the overall job.

• Mass Production: A system where unskilled workers use standardized machinery to produce large quantities of standardized goods.

• Behavioral School of Management: This school focuses on how managers should behave to motivate employees and encourage them to achieve organizational goals. A prominent figure in this approach was Mary Follet.

  • The approach emphasizes recognizing the value of human relations.
  • Developed during World War II supported by quantitative methods.
  • Various models were instrumental in areas such as forecasting, inventory control, and operations management.

Operations Management and Decision Making

• Models: Simplified representations of reality used in decision-making.

  • Physical models resemble their real-life counterparts (e.g., toy cars).
  • Schematic models use visuals like graphs and charts.
  • Mathematical models rely on numbers, formulas, and symbols.

• Advantages of Models: Ease of use, cost-effectiveness, organization of information, problem analysis, standardization.

• Disadvantages of Models: Overemphasis on quantitative data, potential misapplication, lack of guarantee for good decisions, and need for knowledgeable users.

Operational Management Today

• E-Business: Expanding business through internet-based interactions with customers and suppliers.

  • E-commerce is a prominent example of business-to-consumer transactions on the internet.
  • E-procurement is business-to-business interaction via the internet.

• Increasing Emphasis on Operations Strategy: Businesses face challenges like working with fewer resources, revenue management, process analysis, quality improvement, agility, lean production, innovation, environmental concerns, ethical conduct, and supply chain management.

Working with Fewer Resources

• Cost reduction is prioritized, and managers need to be efficient in resource allocation, while simultaneously boosting productivity due to scarcity of resources.

Revenue Management

• Maximizing fixed operating capacity through influencing demand, such as adjusting prices to meet changing demands.
• Effective in industries like airlines, hotels, and rental cars.

Process Analysis and Improvement

• A focus on reduction costs, time, and improvement of quality along with increasing customer satisfaction.
• Six Sigma is an example of a process-improvement methodology.

Agility

• The ability of an organization to quickly respond to changing demands and opportunities.

Lean Production

• Maximizing efficiency in producing high-quality goods using minimal resources.
• Combines the efficiency of mass production with the customization of craft production.

Innovation

• New product and service development, innovative processes, and optimized supply chains to improve efficiency and customer service.

Environmental Concerns

• Businesses are increasingly acknowledging ecological concerns in their operations, especially in developed nations.
• Sustainability is important- practices should consider the long-term effects on our planet.

Ethical Conduct

• Ethical conduct in business is increasingly important. Consideration must extend to shareholders, management, employees, customers, the community, and the environment. Organizations are developing codes of ethics to guide behavior.

The Need to Manage the Supply Chain

• Improving the management of supply chains is critical for success in today's business environment.
• Planning, marketing, production, and inventory management functions must work cohesively for optimal performance.

Key Operational Issues

• Improving operations, increasing outsourcing, rising transportation costs, competitive pressures, globalization, e-business, and the complexity of supply chains.

Productivity

• Definition: Measurement of efficiency, the ratio of output to input. For survival organization needs at least 1.
• Importance: Lower per-unit costs, improved profitability, higher quality and lower priced products, more employment opportunities.

Productivity Measurement Techniques

• Aggregate Measurement: Productivity is measured across the entire output.
• Partial Measurement: Measures the efficiency of a single resource.
• Multifactor Measurement: Determines the impact of more than one input on the productivity.

هذا الاختبار يستعرض المفاهيم الأساسية لإدارة العائد وفعاليتها في مختلف الصناعات. سيتم تقييم مدى معرفتك بالعوامل المؤثرة في تحليل العمليات وتحسينها. اجعل طموحاتك عالية واختبر مدى فهمك لاستراتيجيات زيادة الإيرادات.