30 Questions
Which strategy involves shifting the center of gravity by flexing or extending the hips?
Hip strategy
Which muscles are activated first in the ankle strategy for balance?
Plantar flexors
Which system provides information about the environment and guides movements using mostly unconscious awareness?
Ambient vision
What is the clinical manifestation of the inability to recognize familiar objects or stimuli?
Visual agnosia
Which condition is characterized by the inability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements, often symptomatic of some central nervous system disorders and injuries?
Ataxia
Which balance condition is defined as the state where all forces acting on the body are balanced and the center of mass is within the limits of stability?
Static balance
What is the correct position to hold the gait belt for a stronger grip?
With forearm supination
What is the correct weight bearing status abbreviation for a patient who can put full weight on the involved lower extremity?
FWB
What is the stance phase of the gait cycle?
When the lower extremity is in contact with the ground
Which muscle group supports the body weight and propels the body during gait with an assistive device?
Shoulder depressors, flexors & extensors
What is the correct positioning for axillary crutches?
Elbow 20-25º flexion holding handgrip
What are the major LE muscles to elevate the leg and provide momentum during gait?
Hip flexors
What is the function of the otolith organs in the vestibular system?
Responds to linear acceleration and orientation of the head with reference to gravity
What is the main purpose of dynamic posturography?
Attempts to isolate different sensory systems and increase the level of sensory conflict and postural difficulty
What is the 'poor man’s dynamic posturography'?
Foam-and-dome test
What is the main purpose of the Berg balance scale?
Measures balance and function in older adults, post CVA, s/p hip fracture
What does the term 'Center of Mass' refer to in the context of postural control?
The point where the mass of the body is concentrated
What is the main role of proactive postural control?
Occurs in anticipation of internally-generated destabilizing forces on the body’s own movements
Which type of crutches are advantageous for long-term users and allow for more mobility in tight spaces?
Forearm crutches
Which gait pattern is used with two assistive devices, stable but less rapid and stable than the 4-point pattern?
2-point gait pattern
Which crutch type is used for patients with hand or forearm impairment?
Platform crutches
Which gait pattern is used for patients with impairments of one lower extremity and requires the use of two crutches, two canes, or a walker?
3-point gait pattern
Which gait pattern is more stable than the 3-point NWB but slower and requires less energy and strength?
3-point PWB gait pattern
Which type of canes are more functional with stairs and confined areas and are used for minor balance problems and minimal support needs?
Single tip canes
Which of the following is a component of balance training?
Working on different sensory systems such as visual, vestibular, and somatosensory
What is the purpose of ambulatory devices for individuals with amputation, injury, disease, or structural deformity?
Provide additional support and improve balance control
What is a consideration for the selection of wheelchair type and components?
Functional ability and potential for change in the patient's condition
What do seating strategies and problems aim to provide for patients using wheelchairs?
Postural support, optimal soft tissue loading, comfort, distal extremity function, and independence
What does gait and assistive devices assessment focus on?
Selecting devices based on patient needs and using them based on physical therapy assessment
What does the physical therapist's positioning for guarding during ambulation depend on?
The patient's balance and skill with the assistive device, as well as the level and type of assistance required
Study Notes
Adaptive Postural Control and Balance Training
- Adaptive postural control involves modifying sensory and motor systems in response to changing tasks and environmental demands.
- Balance training includes sensory-CNS integration mechanisms and working on different sensory systems such as visual, vestibular, and somatosensory.
- Balance training also involves motor tasks like self-initiated sways, perturbations, tandem stance, and single leg stance.
- Ambulatory devices can be beneficial for individuals with amputation, injury, disease, or structural deformity, as they provide additional support and improve balance control.
- Mobility assessment includes considerations for proper wheelchair fitting, types of wheelchairs, and components/parts such as seat, seat back, foot supports, and other postural alignment devices.
- Selection of wheelchair type and components is based on impairments, functional ability, age, size, expected use, and potential for change in the patient's condition.
- Seating strategies and problems aim to provide postural support, optimal soft tissue loading, comfort, distal extremity function, and independence.
- Patients using wheelchairs need to learn to propel and manage obstacles, maneuver in different environments, and perform advanced skills like wheelies and navigating uneven surfaces.
- Gait and assistive devices include types of assistive devices, selecting devices based on patient needs, and using them based on physical therapy assessment of muscle strength, ROM, balance, coordination, and endurance.
- Guarding techniques for different devices and surfaces are employed to ensure patient safety during ambulation.
- The physical therapist's positioning for guarding during ambulation depends on the patient's balance and skill with the assistive device, as well as the level and type of assistance required.
- When guarding a patient on stairs, the physical therapist should stand in a position to facilitate safe ascent or descent based on the patient's weight-bearing status and functional abilities.
Test your knowledge of adaptive postural control and balance training with this quiz. Explore topics such as balance training, ambulatory devices, mobility assessment, wheelchair selection, seating strategies, wheelchair skills, gait and assistive devices, and guarding techniques for patient safety.
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