Adaptive Immune Response Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes active adaptive immunity compared to passive adaptive immunity?

Active adaptive immunity relies on preformed antibodies for protection.

Active adaptive immunity is temporary and short-lived.

Active adaptive immunity provides immediate protection.

Active adaptive immunity involves the production of antibodies by the host. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a feature of passive adaptive immunity?

Transplacental transfer of antibodies.

Uses preformed antibodies for quick response.

Lasts longer than natural immunity. (correct)

Confers immediate protection.

What is the primary role of macrophages in the adaptive immune response?

To directly kill foreign pathogens.

To secrete cytokines that enhance innate immunity.

To produce antibodies for infection control.

To process and present antigens to lymphocytes. (correct)

How does active artificial immunity typically achieve its objective?

By injecting killed or attenuated organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the downregulation of the adaptive immune response?

Elimination of the offending antigen. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the function of CD4 T cells?

They can differentiate into T regulatory cells in the presence of TGF-β. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the primary roles of B-lymphocytes from T-lymphocytes?

B-lymphocytes are primarily involved in humoral immunity, while T-lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity. Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the differentiation of CD8 positive T-cells into cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

Receiving signals from T helper cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the adaptive immune response is involved in the elimination of intracellular pathogens?

CD8 T cells through cytotoxic actions. Signup and view all the answers

During the adaptive immune response, which process occurs immediately after antigen processing and presentation?

Activation and proliferation of T-helper cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the immune response?

To present antigen fragments on their surface for T-cell recognition Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT involved in the activation of T-helper cells?

Direct binding of antibodies to T-helper cell receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokines are primarily associated with Th1 cell activation?

IFN-γ and IL-2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Th2 cells in the immune response?

They support humoral immunity against large extracellular pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of Th17 cells?

They are critical in combating fungal infections Signup and view all the answers

What initiation step is required for T-cell dependent B-cell activation?

Assistance from T-helper cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cytokines is produced by Th2 cells?

IL-5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokines released from T-helper cells in relation to B lymphocytes?

They cause B cells to undergo isotype switching Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would most likely stimulate Th1 cell responses?

Infection with an intracellular pathogen Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune response is mainly triggered by Th1 cytokines?

Cell-mediated immunity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Adaptive Immune Response

Adaptive immunity is highly specific, has immunological memory, and reacts quickly to repeated exposure to antigens.

Forms of Adaptive Immunity

Active Adaptive Immunity: The host actively produces antibodies in response to foreign material, lasting longer than passively acquired antibodies.
- Active Natural Immunity: Immunity developed after exposure to a pathogen (e.g., infection).
- Active Artificial Immunity: Immunity resulting from vaccination with killed or weakened pathogens.
Passive Adaptive Immunity: Provides temporary immunity through pre-formed antibodies.
- Passive Natural Immunity: Antibodies passed from mother to fetus (e.g., IgG across placenta) or through breast milk (e.g., IgA).
- Passive Artificial Immunity: Pre-formed antibodies (e.g., antitoxins) are administered to provide immediate protection, often used for exotoxins.

Cells Involved in Specific Immune Response

Macrophages: Phagocytic cells that process and present antigens to lymphocytes, acting as antigen-presenting cells.
T lymphocytes (T cells): Originate in bone marrow, mature in the thymus. Have various subsets with specific functions.
- CD4 effector cells (Th1, Th2, Th17): Involved in coordinating immune responses. T regulatory cells (T regs) suppress immune responses.
- CD8 positive T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes – CTLs): Destroy infected or cancerous cells.
B lymphocytes (B cells): Mature in bone marrow, responsible for humoral immunity. Carry IgM as receptors. Differentiate into plasma cells to secrete antibodies.

Adaptive Immune Response Steps

Antigen processing and presentation: Antigens are processed and displayed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for recognition by T helper cells.
Activation of T helper cells: Requires three signals (TCR interaction, co-stimulation, cytokines) from APCs.
Activation of cytotoxic T cells: CTLs are activated by antigen presented on MHC class I molecules and cytokines. Kill infected cells.
Activation of B cells: Two pathways, either T cell-dependent (requires T helper cells) or T cell-independent (no T cell help).
Elimination of the offending antigen: Successful immune response leads to pathogen elimination and downregulation of the immune response by regulatory T cells.

Antibody Responses

Primary Response: Initial antibody production after first encounter with antigen. Characterized by IgM production followed by IgG.
Secondary Response: Subsequent exposure to the same antigen results in a faster and stronger response (higher antibody levels) due to memory cells. Characterized by a rapid increase in IgG production.

Innate and Adaptive Interaction

Innate and adaptive immunity work together. Phagocytic cells present antigens & macrophages secrete cytokines activating the adaptive immune system. T cells influence phagocytic cells' activities; antibodies enhance pathogen clearance.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the adaptive immune response, including its specific forms and the cells involved. Learn about active and passive immunity and how our body reacts to pathogens. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of immunology concepts.