Acute Respiratory Infections Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which statement accurately describes the classification of acute respiratory infections?

  • Acute respiratory infections are only upper respiratory tract infections.
  • Upper respiratory tract infections consist of the airways from the nostrils to the vocal cords. (correct)
  • Lower respiratory tract infections include conditions like sinusitis and pharyngitis.
  • Acute respiratory infections do not affect other systems besides the respiratory tract.

    • What is the primary cause of acute pharyngitis in young children?

  • Allergic reactions to environmental factors
  • Viral infections in more than 70 percent of cases (correct)
  • Fungal infections
  • Bacterial infections

    • Which condition is considered a complication associated with acute pharyngitis?

  • Asthma exacerbation
  • Acute rheumatic fever (correct)
  • Deafness
  • Sinus congestion

    • What percentage of upper respiratory infections is attributed to rhinoviruses?

    <p>25 to 30 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of acute respiratory infections contributes to their systemic effects?

    <p>The involvement of microbial toxins and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is most commonly associated with upper respiratory tract infections?

    <p>Rhinovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for choosing a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine over a 7-valent protein-conjugated polysaccharide vaccine?

    <p>It is more effective in adults than in children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of Sara Ahmed, which symptom is primarily indicative of a respiratory issue?

    <p>Oxygen saturation of 92%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were antibiotics not prescribed in the treatment of Omar Ali's bronchiolitis?

    <p>Bronchiolitis is a viral infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first major intervention in the management of Sara Ahmed's bacterial pneumonia?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common characteristic of bronchiolitis is highlighted in the public health note?

    <p>Early detection aids in preventing complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From the provided care for both patients, what is the most critical care aspect for both Sara and Omar?

    <p>Symptomatic treatment based on the specific diagnosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of acute pharyngitis with a membrane on the throat in developing countries?

    <p>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common sequelae of streptococcal infections in school-age children?

    <p>Acute rheumatic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor significantly contributes to the prevalence of acute ear infections in developing countries?

    <p>Inadequate medical care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common viral cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children?

    <p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from repeated episodes of acute ear infection?

    <p>Mastoiditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before the effective use of the measles vaccine, what was the leading viral cause of respiratory-related morbidity in children?

    <p>Measles virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is most commonly associated with bacterial pneumonia in children?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of school-age children affected by chronic ear infection in developing countries following repeated acute infections?

    <p>2 to 6 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is primarily responsible for bronchiolitis in children?

    <p>Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical feature of bronchiolitis in infants?

    <p>Rapid breathing with lower chest wall in-drawing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral infections are notable causes of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) in children?

    <p>RSV, parainfluenza, and influenza viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about influenza viruses is accurate?

    <p>Influenza type A can lead to seasonal outbreaks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the interventions categorized under the health system to control acute respiratory infections (ARIs)?

    <p>Immunization against specific pathogens and early diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of vaccines has the potential to significantly reduce the incidence of ARIs in children?

    <p>Vaccines against measles, diphtheria, and pertussis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of current interventions aimed at controlling ARIs in children?

    <p>Public health measures and multisectoral involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How effective are Hib conjugate vaccines in preventing invasive diseases?

    <p>They are highly effective against invasive diseases, including pneumonia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a typical seasonal characteristic of RSV regarding bronchiolitis outbreaks?

    <p>RSV outbreaks are most common in winter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is differentiating between bronchiolitis and pneumonia challenging for health workers?

    <p>They share similar clinical features like wheezing and fever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acute Respiratory Infections in Children

    • Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are categorized as upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) or lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs).
    • URIs involve airways from the nostrils to the vocal cords, including sinuses and the middle ear.
    • LRIs encompass the airways from the trachea to the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
    • ARIs can have systemic effects due to infection spread or microbial toxins, inflammation, and decreased lung function.
    • Infections like diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and measles are vaccine-preventable but can impact other systems besides the respiratory tract.

    Overview of ARIs in Children

    • URIs are the most common infections in children, including rhinitis (common cold), sinusitis, ear infections, pharyngitis, epiglottitis, and laryngitis.
    • Viral infections account for approximately 25-30% (rhinoviruses), 25-35% (respiratory syncytial viruses, parainfluenza, influenza, adenoviruses), and 10% (corona viruses) of URIs.
    • Complications from URIs are more significant than the infections as they include deafness, rheumatic fever, bacterial infections of sinuses or middle ear, and aspiration of infected secretions.
    • Ear infections and pharyngitis are responsible for the most severe URI complications.

    LRIs: Types and Symptoms

    • Common LRIs in children include pneumonia and bronchiolitis.
    • Respiratory rate is an essential clinical sign for diagnosing acute LRI. Rapid breathing and chest wall in drawing are associated with more severe disease.
    • Respiratory syncytial viruses (RSVs) are the common causes of viral LRIs and are often seasonal, unlike parainfluenza viruses.
    • Pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) are common causes of bacterial pneumonias.

    Viral Impact on ARIs (RSV, Influenza)

    • RSV is a leading cause of viral LRIs (bronchiolitis) in infants and young children. It accounts for a significant proportion (up to 70-80%) of LRIs during high season.
    • Influenza viruses can cause both seasonal and sporadic respiratory infections in children.
    • Influenza viruses can cause infections, disease, and death in children.

    Vaccination for ARI Prevention

    • Vaccines against measles, diphtheria, pertussis, Hib, pneumococcus, and influenza can reduce the incidence of ARIs in children.
    • Widespread vaccination programs are instrumental in managing ARI in developing countries

    Ear Infections and Long-term Effects

    • Acute ear infections occur in up to 30% of URIs and are more prevalent in developing countries.
    • Repeated ear infections can lead to complications including hearing loss, mastoiditis, and meningeal infections.

    ARI Management and Treatment

    • Early intervention, accurate diagnosis, and proper treatment are key factors for managing ARIs, especially in resource-limited settings.

    Global Burden of ARIs in Developing Countries

    • The burden of ARIs is significantly higher in developing countries, due to factors like crowded populations, inadequate healthcare access and lack of resource.
    • Early diagnosis and treatment is essential especially in these populations impacted more heavily by this burden.

    Assessment

    • Assessing a child with suspected ARI involves asking about age, cough duration, ability to drink, fever history, and any convulsions.
    • Assessing the patient involves counting breaths per minute, checking for chest indrawing, stridor, and/or wheezing.
    • Assess for abnormal sleepiness or difficulty waking, fever, and undernutrition.

    Case Scenarios (Examples)

    • Bacterial Pneumonia: A 3-year-old, previously healthy child from rural Iraq with a 3-day history of cough, fever, difficulty breathing, and nasal congestion.

    • Examination: Temperature 38.5°C, Resp rate 50/min, O2 Sat 92%, chest wall indrawing, and crackles; Diagnosis: Possible bacterial pneumonia.

    • Treatment: Antibiotics (amoxicillin-clavulanate), supportive care with oxygen, fluids, and fever relief.

    • Bronchiolitis: A 9-month-old from Baghdad with a 2-day respiratory history of rapid breathing, wheezing, mild fever, and poor feeding.

    • Examination: Temp 37.8°C, Resp rate 60/min, O2 Sat 90%, wheezing, chest wall retraction, and nasal flaring; Diagnosis: Bronchiolitis, likely RSV

    • Treatment: Supportive care, including oxygen therapy, nasal suctioning, and fluids.

    • Acute Pharyngitis: A 6-year-old child from a suburban area with a 4-day history of sore throat, fever, swallowing difficulties, and mild cough.

    • Examination: Temp: 39°C, heart rate 110/min, swelling and white patches on tonsils and tender cervical lymph nodes; Diagnosis: Acute bacterial pharyngitis, likely streptococcal.

    • Treatment: Antibiotics, supportive care with paracetamol for fever relief and plenty of fluids.

    • Acute Otitis Media: A 2-year-old from a rural community with a 3-day history of ear pain, irritability, fever, and pulling at the ear.

    • Examination: Temp 38.7°C, red and bulging tympanic membrane in right ear and mild nasal congestion; Diagnosis: Acute otitis media.

    • Treatment: Antibiotics (amoxicillin), pain relief and supportive treatment, including nasal saline.

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    Acute Respiratory Infections in Children PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on acute respiratory infections with this quiz. It covers causes, complications, and the role of viruses in upper respiratory tract infections. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand this important medical topic.

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