Podcast
Questions and Answers
How can hyponatremia occur during the acute phase? (Select all that apply)
How can hyponatremia occur during the acute phase? (Select all that apply)
- Excessive water intake (correct)
- Diarrhea (correct)
- Excessive GI suction (correct)
- Excessive salt intake
How can hypernatremia occur during the acute phase? (Select all that apply)
How can hypernatremia occur during the acute phase? (Select all that apply)
- Successful fluid replacement with hypertonic IV (correct)
- Improper tube feeding and fluid administration (correct)
- Excessive water intake
- Excessive salt intake
How can hyperkalemia occur during the acute phase? (Select all that apply)
How can hyperkalemia occur during the acute phase? (Select all that apply)
- Massive muscle injury (correct)
- Adrenocortical insufficiency (correct)
- Excessive potassium intake
- Renal failure (correct)
How can hypokalemia occur during the acute phase? (Select all that apply)
How can hypokalemia occur during the acute phase? (Select all that apply)
How are the complications of the acute phase different from the emergent phase?
How are the complications of the acute phase different from the emergent phase?
How does wound care differ in the emergent phase from the acute phase?
How does wound care differ in the emergent phase from the acute phase?
What are the types of burns?
What are the types of burns?
What determines the result effect of the burn?
What determines the result effect of the burn?
How are thermal injuries caused?
How are thermal injuries caused?
How do chemicals cause a burn?
How do chemicals cause a burn?
Why are alkali burns so hard to manage?
Why are alkali burns so hard to manage?
What are the types of burn injury?
What are the types of burn injury?
What are some ways to prevent burn injuries?
What are some ways to prevent burn injuries?
How do inhalation injuries occur?
How do inhalation injuries occur?
What are the types of inhalation burn injuries?
What are the types of inhalation burn injuries?
How does carbon monoxide cause poisoning?
How does carbon monoxide cause poisoning?
How is CO poisoning treated?
How is CO poisoning treated?
What are the manifestations of CO poisoning?
What are the manifestations of CO poisoning?
What are the manifestations of upper airway injury?
What are the manifestations of upper airway injury?
What are the manifestations of lower airway injury?
What are the manifestations of lower airway injury?
What does the severity of electrical burns depend on?
What does the severity of electrical burns depend on?
What are the manifestations of electrical burns?
What are the manifestations of electrical burns?
Where should an electrical burn patient go immediately?
Where should an electrical burn patient go immediately?
Why is the severity of an electrical burn injury hard to determine?
Why is the severity of an electrical burn injury hard to determine?
What type of tissue has the most resistance to electrical burns?
What type of tissue has the most resistance to electrical burns?
How does cold cause damage to cells?
How does cold cause damage to cells?
What determines the severity of frostbite?
What determines the severity of frostbite?
What is superficial frostbite?
What is superficial frostbite?
What are some treatments for superficial frostbite?
What are some treatments for superficial frostbite?
What is deep frostbite?
What is deep frostbite?
What are the manifestations of deep frostbite?
What are the manifestations of deep frostbite?
What are the treatments of deep frostbite?
What are the treatments of deep frostbite?
How are the severity of burns classified?
How are the severity of burns classified?
How is the depth (thickness) of a burn injury described?
How is the depth (thickness) of a burn injury described?
How is the extent of the burn classified?
How is the extent of the burn classified?
What degree of burn is not classified by extent?
What degree of burn is not classified by extent?
Why is the Lund-Browder chart more accurate?
Why is the Lund-Browder chart more accurate?
What is the percentage of a hand or irregular area burn considered?
What is the percentage of a hand or irregular area burn considered?
When is the extent of the burn reassessed?
When is the extent of the burn reassessed?
What does a burn to the face, neck, and chest/trunk indicate?
What does a burn to the face, neck, and chest/trunk indicate?
What do burns to the hands, feet, joints, and eyes indicate?
What do burns to the hands, feet, joints, and eyes indicate?
What do burns to the ears, nose, buttocks/perineal area indicate?
What do burns to the ears, nose, buttocks/perineal area indicate?
What is compartment syndrome?
What is compartment syndrome?
What is an escharotomy?
What is an escharotomy?
What are some client risk factors to consider?
What are some client risk factors to consider?
What are the 4 phases of burn management?
What are the 4 phases of burn management?
What is the main priority during prehospital care?
What is the main priority during prehospital care?
Prehospital treatment of small thermal burns?
Prehospital treatment of small thermal burns?
Prehospital treatment of large thermal burns if unresponsive?
Prehospital treatment of large thermal burns if unresponsive?
Prehospital treatment of large thermal burns if responsive?
Prehospital treatment of large thermal burns if responsive?
Prehospital treatment of electrical injuries?
Prehospital treatment of electrical injuries?
Prehospital treatment of chemical injuries?
Prehospital treatment of chemical injuries?
Prehospital treatment of inhalation injuries?
Prehospital treatment of inhalation injuries?
What is the primary concern during the emergent phase?
What is the primary concern during the emergent phase?
When does the emergent phase begin?
When does the emergent phase begin?
When does the emergent phase end?
When does the emergent phase end?
What are the pathophysiological changes during the emergent phase?
What are the pathophysiological changes during the emergent phase?
What is the greatest concern with electrolyte and fluid shifts?
What is the greatest concern with electrolyte and fluid shifts?
How does burn shock occur?
How does burn shock occur?
How else is circulatory volume decreased during the emergent phase?
How else is circulatory volume decreased during the emergent phase?
What type of necrosis occurs from burn injury?
What type of necrosis occurs from burn injury?
What are the main nursing priorities during the emergent phase?
What are the main nursing priorities during the emergent phase?
How does healing occur in the emergent phase?
How does healing occur in the emergent phase?
What are the immunological changes during the emergent phase?
What are the immunological changes during the emergent phase?
What are the clinical manifestations of injury during the emergent phase?
What are the clinical manifestations of injury during the emergent phase?
What fluid and electrolyte shift occurs during the early emergent phase?
What fluid and electrolyte shift occurs during the early emergent phase?
What defines the end of the emergent phase?
What defines the end of the emergent phase?
What are the systems involved in the complications during the emergent phase?
What are the systems involved in the complications during the emergent phase?
What are the cardiovascular complications of the emergent phase?
What are the cardiovascular complications of the emergent phase?
What is sludging and how does it get treated?
What is sludging and how does it get treated?
What is recommended for monitoring cardiovascular complications during the emergent phase?
What is recommended for monitoring cardiovascular complications during the emergent phase?
What are the types of complications for the respiratory system during the emergent phase?
What are the types of complications for the respiratory system during the emergent phase?
How long do the signs of lower airway injury take to manifest?
How long do the signs of lower airway injury take to manifest?
What is a recommended diagnostic test for respiratory complications of the emergent phase?
What is a recommended diagnostic test for respiratory complications of the emergent phase?
What are the complications related to the urinary system during the emergent phase?
What are the complications related to the urinary system during the emergent phase?
What is the main form of treatment for urinary complications of the emergent phase?
What is the main form of treatment for urinary complications of the emergent phase?
What are the predominant nursing and collaborative management activities during the emergent phase?
What are the predominant nursing and collaborative management activities during the emergent phase?
What is first done to manage the airway during emergent care?
What is first done to manage the airway during emergent care?
What consists of fluid therapy during the emergent phase?
What consists of fluid therapy during the emergent phase?
What is the Parkland/Baxter formula?
What is the Parkland/Baxter formula?
How is the Parkland formula implemented?
How is the Parkland formula implemented?
When should the wound be treated during the emergent phase?
When should the wound be treated during the emergent phase?
What consists of wound care during the emergent phase?
What consists of wound care during the emergent phase?
What are the two approaches to managing burn wounds?
What are the two approaches to managing burn wounds?
What is the open method of wound treatment and what is the main priority?
What is the open method of wound treatment and what is the main priority?
What is the closed method for wound management?
What is the closed method for wound management?
When is sterile technique used for wound management?
When is sterile technique used for wound management?
Why should the room be kept warm?
Why should the room be kept warm?
What is used for the treatment of the eye for a facial burn?
What is used for the treatment of the eye for a facial burn?
What are the main uses for drug therapy for burn wounds?
What are the main uses for drug therapy for burn wounds?
Why are systemic IV antibiotics contraindicated in fresh burns?
Why are systemic IV antibiotics contraindicated in fresh burns?
How is nutritional therapy implemented for patients with less severe burns?
How is nutritional therapy implemented for patients with less severe burns?
What is a hypermetabolic state and how is it treated with nutritional therapy?
What is a hypermetabolic state and how is it treated with nutritional therapy?
When does the acute phase begin and end?
When does the acute phase begin and end?
How long can the acute phase last?
How long can the acute phase last?
What are the pathophysiological changes during the acute phase?
What are the pathophysiological changes during the acute phase?
What are clinical manifestations of the acute phase?
What are clinical manifestations of the acute phase?
Why must laboratory values be monitored closely during the acute phase?
Why must laboratory values be monitored closely during the acute phase?
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Study Notes
Types of Burns
- Thermal, electrical, chemical, and radiation burns exist, with thermal burns being the most common.
- Chemical burns are caused by acids, alkalis, and organic compounds.
Determinants of Burn Severity
- The effects of burn injuries depend on temperature, duration of contact, and type of tissue affected.
- Alkali burns are particularly severe because they can continue to damage tissues until they are fully removed.
Burn Mechanisms
- Thermal injuries can arise from flame, flash, scald (most common), or contact with hot objects.
- Inhalation injuries damage respiratory tissues due to smoke or hot air.
Inhalation Injuries
- Types include carbon monoxide poisoning and injuries above or below the glottis.
- Carbon monoxide displaces oxygen in hemoglobin, leading to hypoxia; treatment includes administering 100% oxygen.
Manifestations of Injuries
- Upper airway injuries present with edema, hoarseness, and singed nasal hair, while lower airway injuries may lead to pulmonary edema and delayed symptoms.
- Electrical burns can cause dysrhythmias, acidosis, and require swift medical attention at trauma units.
Frostbite and Cold Injuries
- Frostbite severity hinges on temperature, exposure duration, and skin condition.
- Superficial frostbite affects only the skin, presenting mottled, crunchy textures; deep frostbite damages underlying tissues and leads to necrosis.
Classification of Burns
- The severity classification is based on depth, extent (TBSA), location, and patient risk factors.
- Lund-Browder chart considers age for more accurate TBSA assessment versus the Rule of Nines.
Phases of Burn Management
- Management occurs in prehospital, emergent, acute, and rehabilitative phases; early intervention is crucial.
- The main priority during prehospital care is stopping the burn process, particularly for large burns.
Fluid and Electrolyte Management
- During the emergent phase, hypovolemic shock from fluid shifts is a key concern.
- Parkland formula guides fluid replacement in acute burns, calculating needs based on TBSA and weight.
Wound Care Techniques
- Wound management approaches include open (antimicrobial ointments) and closed methods (topical dressings with antibiotics).
- Continuous monitoring and dressing changes are vital during the acute phase to prevent infection and promote healing.
Nutritional Support
- Patients experience increased resting metabolic demands, necessitating enteral feeding and vitamin supplementation in the acute phase.
- Monitoring laboratory values is critical for managing fluid and electrolyte imbalances during recovery.
Complications and Monitoring
- Acute phase complications can include systemic infection, neurological deterioration, and nutritional imbalances.
- Regular assessments and interventions aim to maintain homeostasis and prevent deterioration in patient conditions.
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