Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Treatment Phases
10 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the duration of the preoperative chemotherapy for nonmetastatic disease?

  • Six weeks
  • Five weeks
  • Three weeks
  • Four weeks (correct)
  • When is surgery usually done for nonmetastatic disease?

  • At the 10th week
  • At the 12th week
  • At the 5th week (correct)
  • After two weeks of chemotherapy
  • What is the next step after surgery for nonmetastatic disease?

  • Follow-up appointments
  • Radiotherapy
  • Postoperative chemotherapy at week 7 (correct)
  • Discharge from hospital
  • What percentage of neuroblastoma cases occur in children under the age of 5?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common primary site of neuroblastoma?

    <p>Abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common presentation of neuroblastoma in infants under 6 months?

    <p>Multiple skin nodules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for localized neuroblastoma?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of neuroblastoma cases have a familial component?

    <p>1-2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk factor for neuroblastoma development?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for metastatic neuroblastoma?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

    • High-risk cases receive daunomycin at weekly intervals
    • Remission is defined as less than 5% blasts in the marrow and a return of neutrophil and platelet counts to near-normal levels after 4-5 weeks of treatment
    • Treatment consists of three phases:
      • Induction of remission (4 weeks)
      • Consolidation intensification phase (14-28 weeks)
      • Maintenance therapy (2-3 years)

    Types of Relapse

    • Bone marrow relapse: most common and serious, treated with bone marrow transplantation following intensive chemotherapy
    • CNS relapse: manifests as increased intracranial tension, convulsions, and cranial nerve paralysis, treated with intrathecal medication, craniospinal irradiation, and systemic chemotherapy
    • Testicular relapse: painless swelling of one or both testes, treated with systemic chemotherapy and local irradiation

    Lymphomas

    • Third most common cancer in children
    • Includes non-Hodgkin lymphomas and Hodgkin disease
    • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma:
      • Malignant clonal proliferation of primarily T or B-lymphocytes
      • Increased frequency in children with immunodeficiency diseases
      • Subtypes:
        • Small non-cleaved cell lymphoma (Burkitt and non-Burkitt subtypes, B-cell origin)
        • Lymphoblastic lymphoma: T-cell type
        • Large cell NHL: T-cell, B-cell or indeterminate cell origin
    • Clinical manifestations:
      • Abdominal lymphoma: presents with abdominal mass or distention, nausea, vomiting, or change in bowel habits
      • Mediastinal lymphoma: presents with mediastinal mass, pleural effusions, or respiratory distress
      • Head and neck regions: painless, firm lymph nodes
      • Involvement of other systems:
        • Bone marrow: anemia or pancytopenia
        • CNS: manifestations of increased intracranial pressure and cranial nerve paralysis

    Hodgkin Lymphoma

    • Incidence: not common in children, occurs in late childhood to adolescence, males more affected than females
    • Pathologic classification:
      • Nodular sclerosing type
      • Mixed cellularity type
      • Lymphocytic predominant type
      • Lymphocytic depletion type: least common and least favorable
    • Clinical manifestations:
      • General symptoms and signs: lethargy, anorexia, unexplained fever, night sweating, and weight loss
      • Painless enlargement of lymph nodes
      • Mediastinal syndrome: a common presentation

    Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)

    • Embryonal tumor of the kidney
    • May arise in one or both kidneys
    • Most common genitourinary malignancy affecting children, accounts for about 6% of childhood malignancies
    • Occurs in equal frequency in boys and girls, most commonly between 2-5 years
    • Triphasic appearance, with varying proportions of three cell types (blastemal, stromal, epithelial)
    • Clinical features:
      • Asymptomatic abdominal mass usually discovered accidentally by parents or routine abdominal examination
      • Associated symptoms: abdominal pain, fever, and hematuria
      • Hypertension may occur in 25% of cases
      • Bilateral Wilms tumor may occur

    Neuroblastoma

    • Embryonal tumor derived from neural crest cells that form the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system
    • Third most common solid tumor of childhood
    • Age incidence: 90% are less than 5 years
    • Etiology: unknown, may be attributed to environmental and genetic factors
    • Pathology: ranges from undifferentiated small round cells (neuroblastoma) to tumours containing mature ganglion cells (ganglioneuroblastoma or ganglioneuroma)
    • Clinical manifestations:
      • Abdominal mass: commonest presentation, hard, irregular, and non-tender mass located in right or left upper quadrant
      • Posterior mediastinal mass: may present with mediastinal syndrome, progressive dyspnea, dysphagia, and stridor
      • Proptosis: proptosis may be unilateral or bilateral
      • Multiple skin nodules in infancy: firm and purple in color, mainly occur in infants under the age of 6 months
      • Spinal cord compression: may cause paralysis and bowel or bladder dysfunction

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers the different phases of treatment for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), including induction, consolidation, and maintenance therapy.

    More Like This

    Leukemia Treatment Quiz
    8 questions

    Leukemia Treatment Quiz

    InexpensiveSpring avatar
    InexpensiveSpring
    Prednisone in Leukemia Treatment
    5 questions
    Leukemia Treatment and Multisystem Effects
    61 questions
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser