42 Questions
Which cell types are the principal sources of TNF-α in acute inflammation?
Macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes
Which of the following best describes the outcome when acute inflammation leads to little tissue damage?
Healing by connective tissue replacement
What is the characteristic of a morphological pattern that is fibrinous in nature during acute inflammation?
Presence of fibrinous exudate
In acute inflammation, what kind of cells are typically found in the abscesses that form?
Neutrophils
What is the typical cause of a purulent morphological pattern seen in acute inflammation?
Staphylococcal infections
Which of the following is NOT a common cause that can trigger acute inflammation?
Fibrosis
Which cellular component acts as phagocytes or releases enzymatic granules?
Neutrophils
What is the process called when leukocytes emigrate toward the site of injury driven by chemoattractants?
Chemotaxis
What is the receptor type that recognizes Toll-like receptors (TLRs), G protein-coupled receptors for short bacterial peptides, and receptors for opsonins?
Receptor for microbial products
What are the 4 cardinal clinical signs of acute inflammation described by Celsus?
Rubor, Tumor, Calor, Dolor
What is the function of Nitric Oxide (NO) in acute inflammation?
Vasodilatation
Which action contributes to vessel dilation in acute inflammation?
Histamine binding to leukocytes
What is the main cause of oedema in acute inflammation?
Plasma fluid and protein escaping circulation
What is the major function of leukocytes in acute inflammation?
Activate to eliminate offending agents
How long does acute inflammation typically last?
Hours - Days
Which term describes the movement of leukocytes from vessel lumen to interstitial tissue in acute inflammation?
Extravasation
What is the role of bradykinin in vascular reactions during acute inflammation?
Vasodilatation
What is the source of histamine in acute inflammation?
Mast cells, basophils, platelets
Which of the following is NOT one of the major components of acute inflammation?
Leukocyte activation for immune response
What was Virchow's contribution to Celsus' description of acute inflammation?
Added Functio Laesa (Loss of function) as the 5th clinical sign
Neutrophils are the principal source of TNF-α in acute inflammation.
False
Serous effusion in acute inflammation is typically thick and viscous in nature.
False
Phagocytes only release enzymatic granules but do not act as phagocytes themselves in acute inflammation.
False
VCAM-1 is an example of an exogenous chemoattractant in leukocyte chemotaxis.
False
Leukocytes release cytokines that help in resolving the inflammatory response.
False
Leukocytes recognize Toll-like receptors (TLRs) through opsonins.
False
Phagocytosis involves the fusion of engulfed particles with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes.
True
Ulcerative loss of tissue from the surface leading to the formation of an abscess is a typical example of acute inflammation.
False
Complete resolution is an outcome of acute inflammation where fibroblasts grow into the area of damage.
False
Acute inflammation can progress to chronic inflammation if there is substantial tissue damage and fibroblasts grow into the damaged area.
True
Leukocytes migrate from the interstitial tissue to the vessel lumen in acute inflammation.
False
Vascular dilation in acute inflammation results in decreased blood flow.
False
Endothelial cell contraction is not involved in the mechanism of allowing plasma fluid and protein to escape into extracellular tissue.
False
The main function of histamine during acute inflammation is vasoconstriction.
False
Nitric Oxide (NO) is mainly produced by macrophages during acute inflammation.
False
The 5th cardinal clinical sign of acute inflammation described by Celsus is Functio Laesa (Loss of function).
True
Chronic Inflammation lasts for a shorter duration compared to Acute Inflammation.
False
Allergic reactions can trigger Acute Inflammation.
True
Virchow's contribution to Celsus' description of acute inflammation was adding the sign Dolor (Pain).
False
Increased vascular permeability is mainly caused by Nitric Oxide during acute inflammation.
False
Acute inflammation is a fundamentally harmful process that leads to tissue injury.
False
Leukocyte recruitment involves leukocytes moving from the interstitial tissue to the vessel lumen.
False
Study Notes
- Acute inflammation: host's protective response to noxious stimuli like infections, trauma, burns, and allergic reactions
- First described by Celsus with the four cardinal signs: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain), and functio laesa (loss of function)
- Consists of vascular and cellular reactions to deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins to injury sites
- Vascular reaction: vessel dilation and increased blood flow caused by histamine, bradykinin, and nitric oxide
- Allows plasma fluid and proteins to escape from circulation into extracellular tissue, causing oedema
- Cellular components: leukocytes, primarily neutrophils and monocytes, emigrate from the microvasculature and release inflammatory mediators
- Chemotaxis: leukocytes are attracted to the site of injury by chemotactic agents, such as bacterial products and complement components
- Phagocytosis: removal of offending agents through recognition, attachment, engulfment, and killing
- Acute inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, produced by macrophages, mast cells, and T lymphocytes, among others, to maintain the inflammatory response
- Morphological patterns: fibrinous (scar formation), purulent (pus-filled), and serous (copious effusion)
- Outcomes: complete resolution with limited tissue damage or fibrosis, or substantial tissue damage leading to chronic inflammation
- Acute inflammation responds to infection, trauma, burns, and allergies.
Test your knowledge on the processes, mechanisms, morphology, and outcomes of acute inflammation. Learn about the principal sources of inflammatory cytokines, lysosomal enzymes, and the morphological patterns associated with acute inflammation.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
