Acute Inflammation: Mediators and Cardinal Signs

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Questions and Answers

Which chemical mediator directly mediates tissue damage during acute inflammation?

  • Bradykinin
  • Histamine
  • Oxygen metabolites (correct)
  • Serotonin
  • Prostaglandin

Which chemical mediator primarily increases vascular permeability during acute inflammation?

  • Histamine (correct)
  • Leukotriene
  • Prostaglandin
  • Serotonin
  • Bradykinin

Which of the following chemical mediators is directly responsible for vasodilation during acute inflammation?

  • Serotonin
  • Prostaglandin
  • Histamine (correct)
  • Bradykinin
  • Leukotriene

What is the direct role of oxygen metabolites in tissue damage during acute inflammation?

<p>Causing direct cellular damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical mediator is involved in both vasodilation and increased vascular permeability during acute inflammation?

<p>Histamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cardinal signs of acute inflammation is primarily caused by fluid exudation?

<p>Swelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical mediator is responsible for both vasodilation and sensitizing nerve endings, leading to pain during acute inflammation?

<p>Prostaglandin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes redness during acute inflammation?

<p>Vasodilation and increased blood flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cardinal sign of acute inflammation directly results from the stimulation of nerve endings?

<p>Pain (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the sensation of hotness during acute inflammation?

<p>Increased blood flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cardinal sign of acute inflammation often leads to functional impairment?

<p>Loss of function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of swelling observed during acute inflammation?

<p>Fluid exudation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical mediator directly stimulates nerve endings to induce pain during acute inflammation?

<p>Bradykinin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary functional role of prostaglandins during acute inflammation?

<p>They exclusively stimulate antibody production (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a cardinal sign of acute inflammation?

<p>Necrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary functional role of eosinophils in allergic inflammation?

<p>Release of toxic granules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What's a characteristic microscopic feature of necrotic tissues observed during acute inflammation?

<p>Degenerated cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is typically most numerous in pyogenic infections?

<p>Neutrophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is most likely predominant in allergic inflammatory responses?

<p>Eosinophils (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of acute inflammatory cells, what is a microscopic feature commonly seen in viral infections?

<p>Presence of lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neutrophils play in the formation of pus during acute inflammation?

<p>Phagocytose pathogens and die (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neutrophils during acute inflammation?

<p>Phagocytosis of pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopic feature is indicative of necrotic tissue during acute inflammation?

<p>Degenerated cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is most often involved in viral infections during acute inflammation?

<p>Lymphocytes (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of phagocytic cell is derived from blood monocytes and participates in acute inflammation?

<p>Macrophages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell is most prevalent in pyogenic infections and forms pus upon its death?

<p>Neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is predominantly associated with allergic inflammation?

<p>Eosinophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of macrophages during acute inflammation?

<p>Phagocytosis of pathogens and debris (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During acute inflammation, what microscopic vascular change is usually observed?

<p>Dilated and congested vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinctive feature of tissues impacted by acute-induced inflammation?

<p>Acute inflammatory edema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acute inflammatory edema causes what unique microscopic characteristic?

<p>Pale staining of fibers and fibrin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microscopic visualization signifies acute inflammatory edema?

<p>Thickened walls (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do blood vessels appear differently during acute inflammation under a microscope?

<p>Congested and dilated vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What microscopic edema-tissue characteristic indicates inflammation?

<p>Pale staining of fibers and fibrin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopic feature is indicative of congested blood vessels during acute inflammation?

<p>Thin-walled and dilated vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During acute inflammation, if neutrophil extravasation is experimentally inhibited, which of the following secondary effects would be most likely observed in the affected tissue?

<p>Diminished tissue damage due to decreased release of reactive oxygen species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is investigating a novel anti-inflammatory drug that aims to specifically inhibit the production of prostaglandins. Which of the following outcomes would directly confirm the drug’s efficacy?

<p>Reduced pain sensation in the affected area. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient's acute inflammatory response shows elevated levels of leukotrienes with normal histamine levels, which specific aspect of the inflammatory process is most likely to be disproportionately affected?

<p>Vascular permeability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where oxygen metabolites are experimentally blocked during acute inflammation, which subsequent cellular activity would be least directly affected?

<p>Increased vasodilation due to nitric oxide production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A biopsy taken from a chronically inflamed tissue shows significant fibrosis and collagen deposition. Which of the following initial acute inflammatory events most likely contributed to this outcome?

<p>Persistent release of growth factors and cytokines from inflammatory cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tissue Damage Mediator

Oxygen metabolites, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), cause direct tissue damage during acute inflammation.

Vascular Permeability Mediator

Histamine increases vascular permeability, allowing immune cells and proteins to move to the inflammation site.

Tissue Damage Cause

Oxygen metabolites, like reactive oxygen species (ROS), cause direct tissue damage during acute inflammation.

Vascular Permeability Cause

Histamine increases vascular permeability, allowing cells and proteins to move into the tissue.

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Primary Vasodilation Mediator

Histamine is the primary mediator responsible for vasodilation during acute inflammation.

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Role of Oxygen Metabolites

Oxygen metabolites cause direct damage to cellular components, leading to tissue injury.

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Mediator for Vasodilation and Permeability

Histamine causes vasodilation and increases vascular permeability, helping immune cells reach the injury site.

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Cardinal Sign: Fluid Exudation

Swelling is a cardinal sign of acute inflammation caused by fluid exudation from blood vessels.

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Both Vasodilation and Pain

Prostaglandins contribute to vasodilation and sensitize nerve endings, leading to pain.

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Cause of Redness

Redness during acute inflammation is caused by vasodilation and increased blood flow.

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Stimulation of Nerve Endings

Pain is caused by stimulation of nerve endings by chemical mediators such as bradykinin and prostaglandins.

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Cardinal Sign: Nerve Stimulation

Pain is a cardinal sign of acute inflammation caused by stimulation of nerve endings by chemical mediators.

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Cause of Hotness

Hotness during acute inflammation is caused by increased blood flow to the affected area due to vasodilation.

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Cardinal sign of impairment

Loss of function of acute inflammation is caused by pain, swelling, and tissue damage.

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Cause of Swelling

Swelling during acute inflammation is caused by fluid exudation from blood vessels into surrounding tissues.

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Pain Mediator

Bradykinin is a chemical mediator that directly stimulates nerve endings, causing pain during acute inflammation.

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Role of Prostaglandins

Prostaglandins are chemical mediators that contribute to vasodilation and sensitize nerve endings, leading to pain.

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Primary Redness Cause

Redness is caused by vasodilation and increased blood flow to the affected area.

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Chemical Mediator

Bradykinin stimulates nerve endings, causing pain, and also contributes to vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.

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NOT a Cardinal Sign?

Necrosis isn't a cardinal inflammation sign. The cardinal signs are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function

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Primary Role of this cell

Eosinophils release toxic granules to combat allergens and parasites.

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Feature of necrotic tissues

Necrotic tissues in inflammation are characterized by degenerated cells.

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Most numerous cell

Neutrophils are the most numerous cells in pyogenic infections.

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Allergic Inflammation

Eosinophils are commonly in allergic inflammation, release granules against allergens.

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Microscopic Feature

Lymphocytes are commonly observed in viral infections as part of the acute inflammatory response.

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Neutrophils role of pus

Neutrophils engulf and destroy pathogens during acute inflammation and pus.

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Acute Inflammation

Neutrophils phagocytize(eat) pathogens for short term usage.

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Microscopic of necrotic tissue

Necrotic tissue is characterized by presence of degenerated cells.

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Cell type present viral infections?

Lymphocytes fight with viral infectons which cause the adaptive immunity.

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Type of cell macrophage?

Macrophages from monocytes phagocytosis and helps with clearance.

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Pus occurs?

Neutrophils is most common in pyogenic forming Infections

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Allergic Infection?

allergic inflammation and releasing in the surrounding tissues.

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Primary function of macrophages

Macrophages play key roles in digestiing Pathogens dead after all the cell clears.

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Affect Blood during acute Infection.

In acute infections, the infection is in the blood vessel.

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Acute Infection?

inflammatory edema clears acute infections of fluid exudate.

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Indicative in inflammatory edema?

Pale staining helps with tissue seperation.

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Characteristic of the inflammatory edema

Fibers stains the presence of the exudate separates

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Microscopic

dilate increases due to increasing the cells passing.

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The microscopic edema of tissues

Separates tissues which acute inflammatory edema occurs.

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Microscopic

facilitates increases blood flow in the vessels.

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Study Notes

  • Acute inflammation involves chemical mediators that play specific roles in the process.
  • Histamine, oxygen metabolites, prostaglandins, bradykinin, and leukotrienes are some chemical mediators.
  • Cardinal signs of acute inflammation include redness, hotness, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

Chemical Mediators & Their Roles

  • Oxygen metabolites, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), released by neutrophils and macrophages, directly damage tissue during acute inflammation.
  • Histamine causes vasodilation by increasing vascular permeability, allowing allowing immune cells and proteins to move from the bloodstream to the site of inflammation and is a necessary component of acute inflammation.
  • Bradykinin stimulates nerve endings and induces pain
  • Prostaglandins also sensitize nerve endings, leading to pain during acute inflammation and contribute to vasodilation.

Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation

  • Increased blood flow to the affected area due to vasodilation causes redness and hotness during acute inflammation.
  • Fluid exudation from blood vessels into the surrounding tissues results to edema and swelling.
  • Pain rises because chemical mediators such as bradykinin and prostaglandins stimulate nerve endings.
  • Both pain, swelling and tissue damage can impair the normal function of the affected area causing loss of function.

Immune Cells in Acute Inflammation

  • Neutrophils are the primary cells in pyogenic infections and create pus when they die after phagocytosis.
  • Lymphocytes are the primary immune cells involved in viral infections.
  • Eosinophils combat allergens and parasites with toxic proteins in allergic inflammation and parasitic infections.
  • Macrophages are key for phagocytosis of pathogens and debris.
  • Macrophages derive from blood monocytes.

Microscopic Features of Acute Inflammation

  • Necrotic tissues have degenerated cells.
  • Fluid exudate causes acute inflammatory edema, tissue separation, and pale staining of fibers and fibrin.
  • Blood vessels become thin-walled, dilated, and congested.
  • Acute inflammatory cells are seen during viral infections.

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