Acute Haemorrhage and Blood Transfusion
50 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the classification of haemorrhage based on timing in relation to trauma?

  • Abrupt, gradual, or intermittent
  • Immediate, delayed, or prolonged
  • Primary, reactionary, or secondary (correct)
  • Initial, secondary, or tertiary

    • In which type of disrupted vessel does bleeding occur as a diffuse ooze of bright red blood?

  • Venous
  • Lymphatic
  • Arterial
  • Capillary (correct)

    • What is the type of bleeding observed in external haemorrhage?

  • Visible bleeding through skin wounds or body orifices (correct)
  • Bright red blood in pulsatile jets
  • Dark red blood in a steady flow
  • Bleeding in body cavities

    • What is the common cause of acute haemorrhage?

    <p>Gastrointestinal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended replacement solution for Class II hemorrhage?

    <p>Lactated Ringer's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated blood loss for a haematoma around a fracture of the tibia?

    <p>500-1500 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is contraindicated for managing hemorrhage?

    <p>Tourniquets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if there is definite improvement after giving two liters of replacement solution for Class II hemorrhage?

    <p>Administer the remaining liter more slowly followed by the maintenance requirements and continued observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of haemorrhage according to the passage?

    <p>Trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is haemorrhage classified based on site and type of vessel?

    <p>External or internal, arterial or capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the body's response to haemorrhage aimed at?

    <p>Maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is involved in maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion during haemorrhage?

    <p>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is clinical estimation of blood loss made according to the passage?

    <p>Assessing skin colour and capillary refill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common signs of haemorrhage according to the passage?

    <p>Pale, cold, and clammy skin, slow capillary refill, and hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes primary haemorrhage according to the passage?

    <p>Trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is NOT involved in the body's response to haemorrhage?

    <p>Insulin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated blood volume in adults according to the passage?

    <p>70 ml/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of severe haemorrhage involving a large artery?

    <p>Respiratory distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can haemorrhage be life-threatening?

    <p>If it involves a large artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential consequences of haemorrhage according to the passage?

    <p>Weakness, fainting, feeling cold and thirsty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated blood volume for a person weighing 70 kg according to the passage?

    <p>3000-4500 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is contraindicated for managing hemorrhage according to the passage?

    <p>Tourniquets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended replacement solution for Class II hemorrhage?

    <p>Lactated Ringer's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated blood loss for a haematoma around a fracture of the tibia?

    <p>500-1500 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution is administered three times the estimated deficit for Class II hemorrhage?

    <p>Lactated Ringer's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of haemorrhage according to the passage?

    <p>Blood loss at operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of disrupted vessel does bleeding occur as a diffuse ooze of bright red blood?

    <p>Capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if there is definite improvement after giving two liters of replacement solution for Class II hemorrhage?

    <p>Give the remaining litre more slowly followed by maintenance requirements and continued observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is haemorrhage classified based on site and type of vessel?

    <p>Arterial, venous, and capillary haemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes primary haemorrhage according to the passage?

    <p>Blood loss at operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of haemorrhage involves blood that is bright red and comes in pulsatile jets?

    <p>Arterial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of haemorrhage does bleeding occur as diffuse ooze of bright red blood?

    <p>Capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes loss of both circulating blood volume and oxygen carrying capacity in acute haemorrhage?

    <p>Penetrating and blunt trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is haemorrhage classified based on the timing in relation to trauma?

    <p>Primary, reactionary, or secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of disrupted vessel when bleeding is dark red and comes in a steady flow?

    <p>Venous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common causes of acute haemorrhage according to the passage?

    <p>Penetrating and blunt trauma, gastrointestinal bleeding, and obstetrical bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of haemorrhage based on site?

    <p>External or internal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does acute haemorrhage cause loss of?

    <p>Circulating blood volume and oxygen carrying capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is involved in maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion during haemorrhage?

    <p>Cardiovascular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the possible complications of blood transfusion according to the passage?

    <p>Infection and allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of haemorrhage occurs due to an insecure ligature or dislodged clot within 24 hours after trauma?

    <p>Reactionary haemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated blood volume in adults according to the passage?

    <p>70 ml/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is involved in maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion during haemorrhage?

    <p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes primary haemorrhage according to the passage?

    <p>Trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is contraindicated for managing hemorrhage according to the passage?

    <p>Fluid replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is clinical estimation of blood loss made according to the passage?

    <p>Assessing mental status and skin color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common signs of haemorrhage according to the passage?

    <p>Pale, cold, and clammy skin, slow capillary refill, hypotension, tachycardia, and tachypnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is NOT involved in the body's response to haemorrhage according to the passage?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of severe haemorrhage involving a large artery according to the passage?

    <p>Pallor and tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of disrupted vessel does bleeding occur as a diffuse ooze of bright red blood according to the passage?

    <p>Capillary vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Severe haemorrhage can be caused by traumatic injuries, such as splenic or liver injury, haemothorax, pelvis fracture, or major surgery. Other causes include bleeding from oesophageal varices, duodenal ulcer, ruptured aortic aneurysm, pre- and postpartum haemorrhage, and ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

    • Haemorrhage occurs when red blood cells escape from vessels, and is classified by site (external or internal) and type of vessel (arterial, venous, or capillary).

    • Primary haemorrhage occurs at the time of trauma, while reactionary haemorrhage occurs within 24 hours due to an insecure ligature or dislodged clot, and secondary haemorrhage occurs one to two weeks later due to infection eroding a vessel wall.

    • Aetiology of haemorrhage can be traumatic, iatrogenic, atherosclerotic, inflammatory, neoplastic, or due to bleeding diathesis.

    • General surgery response to hemorrhage involves stopping the bleeding locally through vasoconstriction, platelet plug, and blood clotting. Systemically, it involves neural and endocrine responses to maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion of critical tissues.

    • Neural responses include stimulation of the sympathetic system, resulting in constriction of veins and arterioles, increased heart rate and myocardial contraction, and increased release of catecholamines and metabolic hormones.

    • Endocrine responses include release of catecholamines, increased ACTH, cortisol, growth hormone, and glucagon, and inhibition of insulin release.

    • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is also involved in maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion by releasing aldosterone and vasopressin.

    • Symptoms of haemorrhage include weakness, fainting, feeling cold and thirsty, mental status changes, pulse and blood pressure changes, respiratory distress, hypothermia, and oliguria.

    • Clinical estimation of blood loss can be made by assessing mental status, skin colour and capillary refill, pulse and blood pressure, respiratory rate, and urine output.

    • Estimated blood volume is 70 ml/kg in adults and 80 ml/kg in children, and losses up to 15% of blood volume can be compensated for by the body's mechanisms.

    • Common signs of haemorrhage include pale, cold, and clammy skin, slow capillary refill, hypotension, tachycardia, and tachypnea.

    • Haemorrhage can be fatal if a large artery is involved, such as the carotid artery after a radical neck dissection.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, neoplasia, and bleeding diathesis.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified based on site (internal or external) and type of vessel (arterial, venous, or capillary).

    • The body responds to haemorrhage through local and systemic mechanisms, including vasoconstriction, platelet plug, blood clotting, neural responses, and endocrine responses.

    • Neural responses include stimulation of the sympathetic system, release of catecholamines, and inhibition of the vagus nerve.

    • Endocrine responses include release of ACTH, cortisol, growth hormone, glucagon, and vasopressin.

    • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is involved in maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion by releasing aldosterone and vasopressin.

    • Clinical estimation of blood loss can be made based on symptoms, signs, and measurements of blood loss, mental status, skin colour and capillary refill, pulse and blood pressure, respiratory rate, and urine output.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, such as the carotid artery after a radical neck dissection.

    • The body's response to haemorrhage involves local and systemic mechanisms to stop the bleeding and maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • Haemorrhage is a serious medical condition that can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia, and is characterized by the escape of red blood cells from vessels.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified based on site and type of vessel, and can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • The body responds to haemorrhage through local and systemic mechanisms, including vasoconstriction, platelet plug, blood clotting, neural responses, and endocrine responses.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, and is characterized by symptoms such as weakness, fainting, coldness, thirst, mental status changes, pulse and blood pressure changes, respiratory distress, and oliguria.

    • The body's response to haemorrhage includes local mechanisms to stop the bleeding, and systemic mechanisms to maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion, including neural and endocrine responses.

    • Common causes of severe haemorrhage include trauma, major surgery, bleeding oesophageal varices, bleeding duodenal ulcer, ruptured aortic aneurysm, pre and postpartum haemorrhage, and ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

    • The body's response to haemorrhage is aimed at stopping the bleeding and maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion, through neural and endocrine mechanisms.

    • Primary haemorrhage occurs at the time of trauma, reactionary haemorrhage occurs within 24 hours after trauma, and secondary haemorrhage occurs one to two weeks after trauma.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, such as the carotid artery after sloughing of the skin flaps of a radical neck dissection.

    • The body's response to haemorrhage involves local and systemic mechanisms to stop the bleeding and maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including traumatic, atherosclerotic, inflammatory, and neoplastic causes.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary, based on the timing and cause of the bleeding.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large vessel is involved, such as the aorta in the case of a ruptured aneurysm.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • Haemorrhage can cause a significant decrease in effective circulatory volume and perfusion, which can lead to shock if not treated promptly.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified based on the site of bleeding and the type of vessel involved.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, and is characterized by symptoms such as weakness, fainting, pallor, tachycardia, hypotension, and respiratory distress.

    • The body responds to haemorrhage through local and systemic mechanisms, including vasoconstriction, platelet plug, blood clotting, neural responses, and endocrine responses.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, and is characterized by symptoms such as weakness, fainting, pallor, tachycardia, hypotension, and respiratory distress.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified based on the site of bleeding and the type of vessel involved.

    • The body responds to haemorrhage through various mechanisms, including

    • Severe haemorrhage can be caused by traumatic injuries, such as splenic or liver injury, haemothorax, pelvis fracture, or major surgery. Other causes include bleeding from oesophageal varices, duodenal ulcer, ruptured aortic aneurysm, pre- and postpartum haemorrhage, and ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

    • Haemorrhage occurs when red blood cells escape from vessels, and is classified by site (external or internal) and type of vessel (arterial, venous, or capillary).

    • Primary haemorrhage occurs at the time of trauma, while reactionary haemorrhage occurs within 24 hours due to an insecure ligature or dislodged clot, and secondary haemorrhage occurs one to two weeks later due to infection eroding a vessel wall.

    • Aetiology of haemorrhage can be traumatic, iatrogenic, atherosclerotic, inflammatory, neoplastic, or due to bleeding diathesis.

    • General surgery response to hemorrhage involves stopping the bleeding locally through vasoconstriction, platelet plug, and blood clotting. Systemically, it involves neural and endocrine responses to maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion of critical tissues.

    • Neural responses include stimulation of the sympathetic system, resulting in constriction of veins and arterioles, increased heart rate and myocardial contraction, and increased release of catecholamines and metabolic hormones.

    • Endocrine responses include release of catecholamines, increased ACTH, cortisol, growth hormone, and glucagon, and inhibition of insulin release.

    • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is also involved in maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion by releasing aldosterone and vasopressin.

    • Symptoms of haemorrhage include weakness, fainting, feeling cold and thirsty, mental status changes, pulse and blood pressure changes, respiratory distress, hypothermia, and oliguria.

    • Clinical estimation of blood loss can be made by assessing mental status, skin colour and capillary refill, pulse and blood pressure, respiratory rate, and urine output.

    • Estimated blood volume is 70 ml/kg in adults and 80 ml/kg in children, and losses up to 15% of blood volume can be compensated for by the body's mechanisms.

    • Common signs of haemorrhage include pale, cold, and clammy skin, slow capillary refill, hypotension, tachycardia, and tachypnea.

    • Haemorrhage can be fatal if a large artery is involved, such as the carotid artery after a radical neck dissection.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, neoplasia, and bleeding diathesis.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified based on site (internal or external) and type of vessel (arterial, venous, or capillary).

    • The body responds to haemorrhage through local and systemic mechanisms, including vasoconstriction, platelet plug, blood clotting, neural responses, and endocrine responses.

    • Neural responses include stimulation of the sympathetic system, release of catecholamines, and inhibition of the vagus nerve.

    • Endocrine responses include release of ACTH, cortisol, growth hormone, glucagon, and vasopressin.

    • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is involved in maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion by releasing aldosterone and vasopressin.

    • Clinical estimation of blood loss can be made based on symptoms, signs, and measurements of blood loss, mental status, skin colour and capillary refill, pulse and blood pressure, respiratory rate, and urine output.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, such as the carotid artery after a radical neck dissection.

    • The body's response to haemorrhage involves local and systemic mechanisms to stop the bleeding and maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • Haemorrhage is a serious medical condition that can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia, and is characterized by the escape of red blood cells from vessels.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified based on site and type of vessel, and can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • The body responds to haemorrhage through local and systemic mechanisms, including vasoconstriction, platelet plug, blood clotting, neural responses, and endocrine responses.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, and is characterized by symptoms such as weakness, fainting, coldness, thirst, mental status changes, pulse and blood pressure changes, respiratory distress, and oliguria.

    • The body's response to haemorrhage includes local mechanisms to stop the bleeding, and systemic mechanisms to maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion, including neural and endocrine responses.

    • Common causes of severe haemorrhage include trauma, major surgery, bleeding oesophageal varices, bleeding duodenal ulcer, ruptured aortic aneurysm, pre and postpartum haemorrhage, and ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

    • The body's response to haemorrhage is aimed at stopping the bleeding and maintaining effective circulatory volume and perfusion, through neural and endocrine mechanisms.

    • Primary haemorrhage occurs at the time of trauma, reactionary haemorrhage occurs within 24 hours after trauma, and secondary haemorrhage occurs one to two weeks after trauma.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, such as the carotid artery after sloughing of the skin flaps of a radical neck dissection.

    • The body's response to haemorrhage involves local and systemic mechanisms to stop the bleeding and maintain effective circulatory volume and perfusion.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including traumatic, atherosclerotic, inflammatory, and neoplastic causes.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary, based on the timing and cause of the bleeding.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large vessel is involved, such as the aorta in the case of a ruptured aneurysm.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • Haemorrhage can cause a significant decrease in effective circulatory volume and perfusion, which can lead to shock if not treated promptly.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified based on the site of bleeding and the type of vessel involved.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, and is characterized by symptoms such as weakness, fainting, pallor, tachycardia, hypotension, and respiratory distress.

    • The body responds to haemorrhage through local and systemic mechanisms, including vasoconstriction, platelet plug, blood clotting, neural responses, and endocrine responses.

    • Haemorrhage can be caused by various factors, including trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia.

    • Haemorrhage can be life-threatening if a large artery is involved, and is characterized by symptoms such as weakness, fainting, pallor, tachycardia, hypotension, and respiratory distress.

    • Haemorrhage can be classified based on the site of bleeding and the type of vessel involved.

    • The body responds to haemorrhage through various mechanisms, including

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Surgery Vol 1 2021 Cairo University PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of the classification and causes of acute haemorrhage, as well as the impact on blood volume and oxygen carrying capacity. This quiz covers common causes such as trauma, gastrointestinal bleeding, and obstetrical bleeding, and the classification of bleeding according to its visibility.

    More Like This

    Hematology and Phlebotomy Quiz
    14 questions

    Hematology and Phlebotomy Quiz

    PeeN00t avatar
    PeeN00t
    Hematology Patient Evaluation
    34 questions

    Hematology Patient Evaluation

    NeatestAllegory avatar
    NeatestAllegory
    Hematology Quality Control
    16 questions

    Hematology Quality Control

    ExaltingMarigold622 avatar
    ExaltingMarigold622
    Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Quiz
    50 questions

    Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Quiz

    AmenableUvarovite avatar
    AmenableUvarovite
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser