Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Quiz

Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in red blood cells, hemoglobin, or both, resulting in reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

Primary hemostasis refers to the initial response to vessel injury, involving the formation of a platelet plug to stop bleeding. Disorders in this stage can lead to prolonged bleeding.

Secondary hemostasis involves the coagulation cascade, a complex series of reactions leading to the formation of a stable fibrin clot. Disorders of this stage can also lead to prolonged bleeding.

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal white blood cells. Lymphoma involves the lymphatic system and affects lymphocytes.

Access to healthcare refers to the ability of individuals to access healthcare services without facing barriers like cost, distance, or lack of insurance.

A lung infection caused by a fungus called Pneumocystis jirovecii, often seen in individuals with weakened immune systems like those with HIV/AIDS. It can manifest with shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and a characteristic butterfly-shaped pattern on chest x-ray.

A yeast infection that can affect the mouth (oral thrush) and esophagus in people with weakened immune systems, particularly those with HIV/AIDS. Oral thrush presents as painless, creamy-white plaques in the mouth, easily scraped off, while esophageal candidiasis causes retrosternal pain and difficulty swallowing.

A rare type of opportunistic bacterial infection that can affect people with weakened immune systems, particularly those with advanced HIV/AIDS. It typically causes a range of symptoms including fatigue, fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and enlarged liver and spleen.

A fungal infection often seen in individuals with HIV/AIDS, commonly affecting the brain and causing meningitis. It presents with symptoms such as headache, fever, light sensitivity, neck stiffness, confusion, and vomiting.

A type of oral lesion that can occur in people with HIV/AIDS, appearing as asymptomatic, white, hyperkeratotic lesions on the tongue. These lesions are often associated with Epstein-Barr Virus and usually resolve with antiretroviral therapy.

A deficiency in the number of platelets in the blood, which can lead to increased bleeding risk.

A condition where platelets are present in normal numbers but don't function properly, leading to bleeding problems.

A condition where platelets are produced at a lower rate than normal, leading to thrombocytopenia.

A condition where platelets are destroyed faster than they're produced, leading to thrombocytopenia.

A condition where platelets are sequestered in the spleen, leading to thrombocytopenia.

A test to evaluate the extrinsic pathway of coagulation, used to assess how long it takes blood to clot.

A test to evaluate the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, used to assess how long it takes blood to clot.

A laboratory test that measures the number of platelets in a sample of blood.

A chemotherapy drug used for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It acts by hydrolyzing asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonia, which disrupts the cell cycle and prevents tumor cell growth.

Inhibitors of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). PARP is involved in DNA repair, and its inhibition can lead to DNA damage and cell death. These drugs are particularly effective in tumors with BRCA mutations, as these mutations disrupt homologous recombination repair, making tumor cells reliant on PARP for DNA repair.

Targets the tyrosine kinase (TK) of the BCR-ABL fusion protein. This fusion protein is often found in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and is a key driver of the disease. Imatinib blocks the activation of the TK, leading to inhibition of cell growth and proliferation.

Targets the tyrosine kinase (TK) of the HER-2 receptor, which is often overexpressed in breast cancer. Lapatinib inhibits the autophosphorylation of HER-2, leading to the suppression of downstream signaling pathways and decreased cell proliferation.

Targets the tyrosine kinase (TK) of the EGFR receptor, which is often overexpressed in various cancer types, including lung cancer. Erlotinib inhibits the activation of the TK, leading to the suppression of the EGFR pathway and decreased cell proliferation.

Targets the tyrosine kinase (TK) of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which plays a key role in angiogenesis (blood vessel formation). Sunitinib inhibits the TK of VEGF, leading to the suppression of new blood vessel formation and the inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis.

A monoclonal antibody (mAb) that targets the extracellular domain of the HER-2 receptor. It inhibits the overexpression of HER-2, which is often implicated in breast cancer, by blocking its signaling and preventing its interaction with other receptors.

A monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is a key driver of angiogenesis, the process of blood vessel formation, which is essential for tumor growth and metastasis. Bevacizumab inhibits VEGF by blocking its interaction with its receptors, leading to the suppression of angiogenesis and the inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis.

A type of anemia characterized by decreased RBC production or survival. A low reticulocyte count suggests a production defect, while a high count indicates increased destruction.

A type of hemolytic anemia where RBCs are destroyed prematurely outside the bloodstream, leading to hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice, splenomegaly, and increased risk of gallstones.

A genetic disorder characterized by RBCs with a sphere-like shape, leading to premature destruction. It can cause aplastic crisis, especially with parvovirus B19 infection.

A genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. It results in sickle-shaped RBCs, leading to vaso-occlusive crises and various complications.

A condition characterized by an overproduction of white blood cells, usually due to an infection or inflammation. It is often associated with a left shift in the differential white blood cell count.

A type of leukemia characterized by a proliferation of mature lymphocytes, often in older adults. It is usually associated with a high white blood cell count.

A rare, slow-growing type of leukemia characterized by the presence of hairy cells in the bone marrow. It typically affects middle-aged males and is characterized by splenomegaly without significant lymph node enlargement.

A type of leukemia caused by the HTLV-1 virus. It is associated with a proliferation of CD4+ cells and is characterized by skin rash, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and lytic bone lesions.

A type of cutaneous lymphoma characterized by a proliferation of CD4+ cells in the skin. It often manifests as a rash that progresses to plaques and, in some cases, can spread to the blood.

A type of lymphoma that primarily affects the lymph nodes, causing painless enlargement. It can be caused by chronic inflammation, metastatic cancer, or infection.

A type of immune response where immune complexes are formed and deposited in tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. It involves the activation of complement and the recruitment of neutrophils.

An autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoreactive T cells that attack the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers in the central nervous system, leading to inflammation and demyelination.

An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and stiffness. It often affects the hands, wrists, and feet.

A common finding in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) where IgM antibodies bind to the Fc region of IgG, forming immune complexes that trigger inflammation.

An antibody that specifically targets citrullinated peptides, which are proteins modified by the addition of citrulline. This antibody is highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis.

An antibody that specifically targets citrullinated peptides, which are proteins modified by the addition of citrulline. This antibody is highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis.

A type of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis that aims to block the activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine.

A type of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis that aims to block the activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine.

A type of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis that utilizes a protein called CTLA4-Ig to block the interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells, preventing T cell activation.

A type of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis that utilizes a protein called CTLA4-Ig to block the interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells, preventing T cell activation.

A type of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis that involves the depletion of T cells using an antibody that binds to the CD3 molecule on the surface of T cells.

A type of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis that involves the depletion of B cells using an antibody called Rituximab that binds to the CD20 molecule on the surface of B cells.

A type of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis that involves the depletion of B cells using an antibody called Rituximab that binds to the CD20 molecule on the surface of B cells.

A type of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis that involves the depletion of B cells using an antibody called Rituximab that binds to the CD20 molecule on the surface of B cells.

A type of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis that involves the use of chemotherapy to deplete the entire immune system, followed by a transplant of the patient's own stem cells to repopulate the immune system.

A type of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis that involves the use of chemotherapy to deplete the entire immune system, followed by a transplant of the patient's own stem cells to repopulate the immune system.

A type of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis that aims to enhance the function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which help suppress the immune response.