Acute Coronary Syndromes Quiz

Thrombus and Thrombosis

• A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and remains there.
• Conditions that promote the development of venous and arterial thrombosis include injury to the vessel wall, stagnation of blood flow, and hypercoagulability.
• The main difference between arterial thrombus and venous thrombus is the direction of blood flow and the pressure in the vessel.

Varicose Veins

• A risk factor for the development of varicose veins is prolonged standing or sitting.

Hypertension

• The primary cause of primary hypertension is unclear, but it is likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Deep Vein Thrombosis

• A common symptom of deep vein thrombosis is pain or tenderness in the affected leg.

Orthostatic Hypotension

• The main cause of orthostatic hypotension is a sudden decrease in blood pressure when standing up from a lying down or sitting position.

Heart Failure

• A manifestation of left heart failure is pulmonary congestion.
• Causes of diastolic heart failure include hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease.
• The most common cause of right heart failure is left heart failure.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

• The primary cause of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

• A risk factor for Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is smoking.

Angina

• The main symptom of Stable Angina is chest pain that occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood.
• The main purpose of angiogenesis in the context of myocardial ischemia is to form new blood vessels to supply the heart muscle with oxygen.

Shock

• Cardiogenic shock is characterized by decreased cardiac output and evidence of tissue hypoxia.
• Septic shock is caused by infection, bacteremia, or systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

Heart Conditions

• Constrictive pericarditis is characterized by a fibrotic pericardium encasing the heart in a rigid shell.
• Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the mitral valve not closing completely during left ventricular systole.

Acute Coronary Syndromes

• A characteristic of unstable angina is chest pain that occurs at rest or with minimal exertion.
• The main difference between STEMI and NSTEMI is the presence or absence of ST-segment elevation on an ECG.
• The main cause of sudden cardiac death in acute coronary syndromes is ventricular fibrillation.
• The main difference between myocardial stunning and hibernating myocardium is that stunning is reversible, whereas hibernation is a long-term adaptation.