Week 7D2
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Questions and Answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with a myocardial infarction in men?

  • Crushing chest pain
  • Shortness of breath
  • Dizziness
  • Epigastric pain (correct)

    • What is the primary pathological process responsible for necrosis in a myocardial infarction?

  • Infection
  • Turbulence
  • Hemorrhage
  • Ischemia (correct)

    • Which of the following medications is NOT typically used in the collaborative care for myocardial infarction?

  • Nitrates
  • Antidepressants (correct)
  • Beta Blockers
  • Anticoagulants

    • In the classification of angina, how is it characterized?

    <p>Transient ischemia with chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key assessment finding is crucial in evaluating a patient's cardiac output during an acute coronary syndrome episode?

    <p>Peripheral pulse quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately differentiates between acute coronary syndrome and myocardial infarction?

    <p>Myocardial infarction is a form of ACS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nursing diagnoses is appropriate for a patient with acute coronary syndrome?

    <p>Acute pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important dietary consideration for patients recovering from myocardial infarction?

    <p>Low sodium diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is characteristic of myocardial infarction in women?

    <p>Discomfort between shoulder blades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angina pectoris is caused by complete obstruction of blood flow through coronary arteries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one commonly used medication in the collaborative care of patients with myocardial infarction.

    <p>Antiplatelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary pathological process involved in myocardial infarction is ________.

    <p>necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Acute Coronary Syndrome = An inflammatory condition leading to angina or MI Coronary Artery Disease = Narrowing of arteries supplying blood to the heart Myocardial Infarction = Death of heart muscle due to lack of blood supply Angina Pectoris = Chest pain resulting from ischemia of the heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common focused assessment finding for patients with acute coronary syndrome?

    <p>Vital signs (PaO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A thrombus is a common cause of myocardial infarction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe one effect the location of an MI can have on the patient.

    <p>The effect of an MI can differ based on which part of the heart is affected, leading to varying symptoms and levels of cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of valve regurgitation?

    <p>Increased pulmonary hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which finding is typically associated with left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Cough with crackles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significant characteristic of endocarditis?

    <p>Infection of cardiac valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary nutrient is specifically advised to be low for cardiovascular health?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a heart rate greater than 100 bpm?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk factor for coronary heart disease is considered changeable?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a pacemaker in patients with heart rhythm disorders?

    <p>To generate electrical impulses when the heart's conduction system fails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Pulmonary congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is known to enhance contractility in patients with heart failure?

    <p>Digoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of arrhythmia is indicated by the condition where the SA node impulse does not reach the AV node?

    <p>Atrioventricular conduction block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing intervention when a patient's pulse is below 60 beats per minute while on heart failure medication?

    <p>Hold the medication and notify a physician</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'regurgitation' refer to in cardiac disorders?

    <p>Backwards flow of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a Psych Tech in the care of patients with cardiac rhythm disorders?

    <p>Assessing patient needs and providing emotional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of arrhythmia originates in abnormal atrial impulses?

    <p>Supraventricular rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is primarily used to allow observation and identification of heart arrhythmias?

    <p>EKG/ECG monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does defibrillation accomplish in a patient with a cardiac rhythm disorder?

    <p>Resets the heart rhythm with an electrical shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endocarditis is primarily caused by viral infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from the backward flow of blood due to valve dysfunction?

    <p>Valve regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with right-side heart failure often experience __________ due to increased venous pressure.

    <p>edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary nutrient should be limited to maintain cardiovascular health?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cardiovascular conditions with their symptoms:

    <p>Heart Failure = Edema Endocarditis = Petechiae Pericarditis = Chest pain Valve Stenosis = Murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one risk factor for coronary heart disease that is considered unchangeable.

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Decreased cardiac output is a nursing diagnosis associated with heart failure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents an abnormal heart rhythm?

    <p>Dysrhythmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A pacemaker generates an electrical impulse only when the conduction system fails.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heart rate classification for tachycardia?

    <p>Greater than 100 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A heart rate of less than 60 bpm is referred to as __________.

    <p>bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Prolapse = Bulge backwards Stenosis = Thick and stiff Regurgitation = Backwards flow Endocarditis = Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart wall Pericarditis = Inflammation of the heart sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary purposes of cardioversion?

    <p>To reset heart rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bradycardia is a condition where the atria initiate a cardiac impulse.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a non-invasive procedure used to identify arrhythmias.

    <p>EKG/ECG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication specifically classified as an antiarrhythmic and inotropic agent is used in treating heart failure?

    <p>Digoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common nursing diagnosis for a patient with cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Activity intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological characteristic is primarily associated with valve stenosis?

    <p>Narrowing of the valve opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is most commonly monitored when administering Digoxin?

    <p>Arrhythmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition would you expect to find ineffective pumping of the heart muscle as a key feature?

    <p>Cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is NOT typically used in the management of cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Aspirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Valve regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood due to valve dysfunction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of digoxin in treating heart failure?

    <p>To increase the force of myocardial contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enlargement of the heart muscle is referred to as __________.

    <p>cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of valvular heart disease with their definitions:

    <p>Prolapse = A valve fails to close completely Stenosis = Narrowing of the valve opening Regurgitation = Backflow of blood through a valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) and Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

    • ACS refers to partial or complete coronary artery occlusion, leading to ischemia and potential infarction.
    • Classic signs of myocardial infarction (MI) include crushing chest pain, shortness of breath (SOB), dizziness, nausea, and sweating.

    Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction

    • Women may present with different symptoms: epigastric pain, pain in the arms or jaw, discomfort between shoulder blades, and fatigue.
    • Nausea and vomiting are also common in women experiencing MI.

    Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction

    • MI results from a thrombus causing ischemia, which can lead to necrosis of the heart muscle.
    • The impact of an MI is dependent on the location of the occlusion within the coronary arteries.

    Coronary Heart Disease Overview

    • Also known as coronary artery disease; involves narrowing of arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle.
    • Leads to conditions such as angina, acute coronary syndrome, or myocardial infarction.

    Angina and Acute Coronary Syndrome

    • Angina is characterized by ischemia causing chest pain.
    • Acute Coronary Syndrome encompasses both unstable angina and myocardial infarction, viewed as an "inflammatory attack" on the heart.

    Focused Assessment for ACS and AMI

    • Vital signs, particularly PaO2, are critical for monitoring patient status.
    • Assess heart sounds, peripheral pulses, and evaluate edema in conjunction with input/output (I&O) balance.

    Collaborative Care for MI

    • Administration of oxygen is essential, along with daily weight monitoring, bedrest, and dietary modifications (low sodium, no caffeine).
    • Medications include antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers), anticoagulants, antiplatelets, nitrates, and statins.
    • Pain management may involve morphine sulfate to alleviate acute pain.

    Nursing Process in ACS and AMI Care

    • Nursing diagnosis for acute pain involves assessing the patient's condition, administering treatments, and teaching the patient about their health.
    • For decreased cardiac output, similar steps apply: assess, administer therapies, and educate the patient on signs and symptoms.
    • Address activity intolerance through a structured assessment, administering appropriate interventions, and patient education.

    Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) and Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

    • ACS refers to partial or complete coronary artery occlusion, leading to ischemia and potential infarction.
    • Classic signs of myocardial infarction (MI) include crushing chest pain, shortness of breath (SOB), dizziness, nausea, and sweating.

    Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction

    • Women may present with different symptoms: epigastric pain, pain in the arms or jaw, discomfort between shoulder blades, and fatigue.
    • Nausea and vomiting are also common in women experiencing MI.

    Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction

    • MI results from a thrombus causing ischemia, which can lead to necrosis of the heart muscle.
    • The impact of an MI is dependent on the location of the occlusion within the coronary arteries.

    Coronary Heart Disease Overview

    • Also known as coronary artery disease; involves narrowing of arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle.
    • Leads to conditions such as angina, acute coronary syndrome, or myocardial infarction.

    Angina and Acute Coronary Syndrome

    • Angina is characterized by ischemia causing chest pain.
    • Acute Coronary Syndrome encompasses both unstable angina and myocardial infarction, viewed as an "inflammatory attack" on the heart.

    Focused Assessment for ACS and AMI

    • Vital signs, particularly PaO2, are critical for monitoring patient status.
    • Assess heart sounds, peripheral pulses, and evaluate edema in conjunction with input/output (I&O) balance.

    Collaborative Care for MI

    • Administration of oxygen is essential, along with daily weight monitoring, bedrest, and dietary modifications (low sodium, no caffeine).
    • Medications include antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers), anticoagulants, antiplatelets, nitrates, and statins.
    • Pain management may involve morphine sulfate to alleviate acute pain.

    Nursing Process in ACS and AMI Care

    • Nursing diagnosis for acute pain involves assessing the patient's condition, administering treatments, and teaching the patient about their health.
    • For decreased cardiac output, similar steps apply: assess, administer therapies, and educate the patient on signs and symptoms.
    • Address activity intolerance through a structured assessment, administering appropriate interventions, and patient education.

    Evidence-Based Teaching for ACS and AMI

    • Involves understanding risk factors, symptoms, treatment options, and lifestyle changes.
    • Promotes patient engagement and adherence to treatment plans.
    • Essential for improving outcomes and reducing hospital readmissions.

    Definitions of Cardiac Dysrhythmias

    • Dysrhythmia: Abnormal heart rhythm; can be viewed interchangeably with arrhythmia.
    • Bradycardia: Heart rate less than 60 bpm.
    • Tachycardia: Heart rate greater than 100 bpm.
    • Atrial Arrhythmia: A condition where the atria initiate a cardiac impulse.
    • Ventricular Dysrhythmia: A condition where the ventricles initiate a cardiac impulse.
    • Atrioventricular Conduction Block: A condition where the SA impulse does not reach the AV node.

    Cardiac Monitoring Procedures

    • Utilize EKG/ECG to identify arrhythmias.
    • Stress tests assess heart performance under physical stress.
    • Continuous monitoring facilitates timely intervention for life-threatening conditions.

    Cardioversion, Defibrillation, and Pacemakers

    • Defibrillator: Delivers electrical shock to restore normal heart rhythm.
    • Pacemaker: Generates electrical impulses for conditions like bradycardia; can be remotely reprogrammed.
    • Patients must carry ID cards and cannot undergo MRI.

    Role of Psych Tech in Cardiac Care

    • Collaborates in assessment and management of arrhythmias.
    • Focus on nursing diagnoses related to decreased cardiac output.
    • Involves patient education regarding condition and treatment.
    • Prolapse: Bulging backwards of a valve.
    • Stenosis: Thickening and stiffening of heart valves.
    • Regurgitation: Backward flow of blood due to valve malfunction.
    • Endocarditis: Inflammation of the inner heart wall.
    • Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart.

    Common Cardiac Disorders

    • Prolapsed Valve: Can lead to heart failure; presents with murmurs.
    • Valve Stenosis: Causes respiratory issues, edema, and possible emboli.
    • Valve Regurgitation: Leads to pulmonary hypertension and heart failure.
    • Endocarditis: Often bacterial; characterized by petechiae and emboli presence.
    • Pericarditis: Symptoms include chest pain, friction rub, and dyspnea.

    Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disorders

    • Changeable Factors: Smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, high-fat diet, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus.
    • Non-changeable Factors: Age, gender, heredity.

    Importance of Dietary Nutrients for Cardiovascular Health

    • Heart-healthy diet emphasizes low sodium (<2,300 mg), low fat, and management of LDLs and triglycerides.

    Heart Failure Overview

    • Defined as the heart's inability to pump effectively to meet bodily needs.
    • Left-Side Heart Failure: Results in decreased cardiac output and pulmonary congestion, presenting with symptoms like orthopnea and crackles.
    • Right-Side Heart Failure: Causes hypoxia and systemic edema; signs include jugular vein distention and peripheral edema.
    • Common Symptoms: Include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, edema, dysrhythmias, nausea, and vomiting.

    Focused Assessment for Heart Failure

    • Monitor vital signs and oxygen saturation (PaO2).
    • Assess respiratory status and presence of edema.
    • Track weight changes to manage fluid overload.

    Collaborative Care for Heart Failure

    • Medications:
      • Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide) increase urine output and manage fluid overload.
      • Positive inotropic agents (e.g., Digoxin) enhance contractility. Monitor pulse before administration.
    • Use the nursing process to assess, administer medications, and educate patients on managing heart failure.

    Monitoring Weight and Fluid in Heart Failure

    • Emphasizes fluid intake/output management, daily weight monitoring, and adherence to restrictions for effective symptom control.

    Evidence-Based Teaching for Heart Failure

    • Focus areas include diet modifications, exercise regimens, fluid management, oxygen therapy, and adherence to medication schedules.

    Evidence-Based Teaching for ACS and AMI

    • Involves understanding risk factors, symptoms, treatment options, and lifestyle changes.
    • Promotes patient engagement and adherence to treatment plans.
    • Essential for improving outcomes and reducing hospital readmissions.

    Definitions of Cardiac Dysrhythmias

    • Dysrhythmia: Abnormal heart rhythm; can be viewed interchangeably with arrhythmia.
    • Bradycardia: Heart rate less than 60 bpm.
    • Tachycardia: Heart rate greater than 100 bpm.
    • Atrial Arrhythmia: A condition where the atria initiate a cardiac impulse.
    • Ventricular Dysrhythmia: A condition where the ventricles initiate a cardiac impulse.
    • Atrioventricular Conduction Block: A condition where the SA impulse does not reach the AV node.

    Cardiac Monitoring Procedures

    • Utilize EKG/ECG to identify arrhythmias.
    • Stress tests assess heart performance under physical stress.
    • Continuous monitoring facilitates timely intervention for life-threatening conditions.

    Cardioversion, Defibrillation, and Pacemakers

    • Defibrillator: Delivers electrical shock to restore normal heart rhythm.
    • Pacemaker: Generates electrical impulses for conditions like bradycardia; can be remotely reprogrammed.
    • Patients must carry ID cards and cannot undergo MRI.

    Role of Psych Tech in Cardiac Care

    • Collaborates in assessment and management of arrhythmias.
    • Focus on nursing diagnoses related to decreased cardiac output.
    • Involves patient education regarding condition and treatment.
    • Prolapse: Bulging backwards of a valve.
    • Stenosis: Thickening and stiffening of heart valves.
    • Regurgitation: Backward flow of blood due to valve malfunction.
    • Endocarditis: Inflammation of the inner heart wall.
    • Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart.

    Common Cardiac Disorders

    • Prolapsed Valve: Can lead to heart failure; presents with murmurs.
    • Valve Stenosis: Causes respiratory issues, edema, and possible emboli.
    • Valve Regurgitation: Leads to pulmonary hypertension and heart failure.
    • Endocarditis: Often bacterial; characterized by petechiae and emboli presence.
    • Pericarditis: Symptoms include chest pain, friction rub, and dyspnea.

    Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disorders

    • Changeable Factors: Smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, high-fat diet, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus.
    • Non-changeable Factors: Age, gender, heredity.

    Importance of Dietary Nutrients for Cardiovascular Health

    • Heart-healthy diet emphasizes low sodium (<2,300 mg), low fat, and management of LDLs and triglycerides.

    Heart Failure Overview

    • Defined as the heart's inability to pump effectively to meet bodily needs.
    • Left-Side Heart Failure: Results in decreased cardiac output and pulmonary congestion, presenting with symptoms like orthopnea and crackles.
    • Right-Side Heart Failure: Causes hypoxia and systemic edema; signs include jugular vein distention and peripheral edema.
    • Common Symptoms: Include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, edema, dysrhythmias, nausea, and vomiting.

    Focused Assessment for Heart Failure

    • Monitor vital signs and oxygen saturation (PaO2).
    • Assess respiratory status and presence of edema.
    • Track weight changes to manage fluid overload.

    Collaborative Care for Heart Failure

    • Medications:
      • Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide) increase urine output and manage fluid overload.
      • Positive inotropic agents (e.g., Digoxin) enhance contractility. Monitor pulse before administration.
    • Use the nursing process to assess, administer medications, and educate patients on managing heart failure.

    Monitoring Weight and Fluid in Heart Failure

    • Emphasizes fluid intake/output management, daily weight monitoring, and adherence to restrictions for effective symptom control.

    Evidence-Based Teaching for Heart Failure

    • Focus areas include diet modifications, exercise regimens, fluid management, oxygen therapy, and adherence to medication schedules.

    Inflammatory Cardiac Disorders

    • Endocarditis: Infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves.
    • Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium, the fibrous sac surrounding the heart.
    • Collaborative care involves a multidisciplinary team approach to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and ensure patient education.
    • Nursing care includes monitoring vital signs, managing pain, and providing emotional support.

    Valvular Heart Disease

    • Valve prolapse: Misalignment or displacement of heart valves, often affecting the mitral valve.
    • Valve stenosis: Narrowing of heart valves, leading to reduced blood flow.
    • Valve regurgitation: Inability of valves to close properly, causing backward blood flow.
    • Physiological changes may include changes in heart workload and blood flow dynamics, leading to symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, and palpitations.

    Cardiomyopathy

    • Definition: Disease that causes the heart muscle to enlarge, leading to inefficient pumping.
    • Types of cardiomyopathy include dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive varieties, each with distinct characteristics and impacts on heart function.

    Medical Management and Nursing Care for Cardiomyopathy

    • Medications used in treatment:
      • Antihypertensives: Help to manage blood pressure.
      • Diuretics: Reduce fluid overload and relieve symptoms.
      • Digoxin: Increases myocardial contraction force; indicated for heart failure.
      • Nitro: Used for chest pain management.
      • Anticoagulants: Prevent thromboembolic events.
    • Nursing diagnoses include:
      • Activity Intolerance: Monitor patient's tolerance to physical activity.
      • Implement rest periods to conserve energy.

    Digoxin

    • Classifications: Antiarrhythmic and inotropic agent.
    • Action: Enhances force of myocardial contraction.
    • Indications: Primarily used in heart failure management.
    • Side effects: May include arrhythmia, bradycardia, and nausea/vomiting.
    • Nursing considerations: Measure apical pulse for 1 minute; hold medication if pulse is below certain thresholds.

    Inflammatory Cardiac Disorders

    • Endocarditis: Infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves.
    • Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium, the fibrous sac surrounding the heart.
    • Collaborative care involves a multidisciplinary team approach to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and ensure patient education.
    • Nursing care includes monitoring vital signs, managing pain, and providing emotional support.

    Valvular Heart Disease

    • Valve prolapse: Misalignment or displacement of heart valves, often affecting the mitral valve.
    • Valve stenosis: Narrowing of heart valves, leading to reduced blood flow.
    • Valve regurgitation: Inability of valves to close properly, causing backward blood flow.
    • Physiological changes may include changes in heart workload and blood flow dynamics, leading to symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, and palpitations.

    Cardiomyopathy

    • Definition: Disease that causes the heart muscle to enlarge, leading to inefficient pumping.
    • Types of cardiomyopathy include dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive varieties, each with distinct characteristics and impacts on heart function.

    Medical Management and Nursing Care for Cardiomyopathy

    • Medications used in treatment:
      • Antihypertensives: Help to manage blood pressure.
      • Diuretics: Reduce fluid overload and relieve symptoms.
      • Digoxin: Increases myocardial contraction force; indicated for heart failure.
      • Nitro: Used for chest pain management.
      • Anticoagulants: Prevent thromboembolic events.
    • Nursing diagnoses include:
      • Activity Intolerance: Monitor patient's tolerance to physical activity.
      • Implement rest periods to conserve energy.

    Digoxin

    • Classifications: Antiarrhythmic and inotropic agent.
    • Action: Enhances force of myocardial contraction.
    • Indications: Primarily used in heart failure management.
    • Side effects: May include arrhythmia, bradycardia, and nausea/vomiting.
    • Nursing considerations: Measure apical pulse for 1 minute; hold medication if pulse is below certain thresholds.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on understanding subjective and objective assessment data for patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) and Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI). Explore the classic signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, and manifestations associated with these critical conditions.

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