Questions and Answers
What are the characteristics of acute cervical lymphadenitis?
Which of the following can result from severe acute toxemia?
What is a common complication of toxins in acute cervical lymphadenitis?
What condition is defined as hyperplastic lymphoid tissue at the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?
Signup and view all the answers
Which feature is associated with adenoid facies?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bacterium is responsible for causing rhinoscleroma?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the predominant cell type involved in the chronic inflammatory infiltrate of rhinoscleroma?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of inflammation characterizes rhinoscleroma?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary organism responsible for more than 90% of lobar pneumonias?
Signup and view all the answers
Which stage of lobar pneumonia is characterized by the lung being heavy, edematous, and red?
Signup and view all the answers
During which stage of lobar pneumonia do red blood cells start to lyse?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical clinical presentation of lobar pneumonia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of pneumonia involves more than one lobe and results from an initial infection of the bronchi?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main route of transmission for lobar pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Signup and view all the answers
Which histopathological feature is NOT typical of the Congestion stage of lobar pneumonia?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes interstitial pneumonia from lobar pneumonia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic symptom of bronchial asthma?
Signup and view all the answers
What serious complication can arise from acute prolonged bronchial asthma?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a primary contributing factor to bronchiectasis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hereditary condition is associated with bronchiectasis?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does peribronchial fibrosis play in bronchiectasis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a possible cause of bronchial obstruction leading to bronchiectasis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process is involved in the pathogenesis of both obstruction and chronic infection in bronchiectasis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements accurately describes bronchiectasis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common benign tumor of the lung?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of lung cancer is most closely associated with smoking?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a likely complication of atelectasis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary malignant tumor most associated with lung cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
At what age does the peak incidence of lung cancer generally occur?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a known predisposing factor for lung cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one characteristic of compression atelectasis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following types of lung cancer accounts for 95% of primary malignant tumors?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes obstructive lung disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a complication of a lung abscess?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical feature of a chronic lung abscess?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is NOT associated with granulomatous inflammation of the lung?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes restrictive lung diseases?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common cause of lung abscess?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following diseases is classified as an obstructive lung disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What might complicate long-standing cases of lung abscess?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Acute Cervical Lymphadenitis
- Cervical lymph nodes enlarge on both sides, presenting as separate, mobile, soft, and painful.
- Severe acute toxaemia can occur, leading to life-threatening complications due to bacterial toxins.
Complications of Severe Acute Toxaemia
- Asphyxia: Caused by oedema, membrane formation, and laryngeal spasms.
- Temporary paralysis: Affects muscles of the palate, pharynx, larynx, and facial areas due to nerve involvement.
- Toxic myocarditis: Can lead to acute heart failure, along with swelling and necrosis in parenchymal organs.
- Hemorrhage and necrosis in the adrenal cortex can cause acute adrenal insufficiency.
Inflammation of the Upper Respiratory Tract
- Infective conditions include rhinitis, acute sinusitis, otitis media, acute pharyngitis, tonsillitis, diphtheria, laryngitis, and adenoids.
- Chronic conditions may include allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps.
Adenoids
- Characterized by hyperplastic lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx due to chronic infection in children.
- Symptoms include mouth breathing leading to 'adenoid face,' which features narrow nostrils and other facial changes.
- Can lead to secondary infections such as otitis media and pharyngitis.
Rhinoscleroma
- Granulomatous inflammation of the nose, potentially affecting the larynx and pharynx.
- Caused by Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis, endemic in Egypt.
- Microscopic examination shows foamy macrophages (Mickulicz cells) with chronic inflammatory infiltrate.
Pneumonia
- Types include lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, and interstitial pneumonia, with clinical presentations following viral upper respiratory tract infections.
- Symptoms include high fever, chills, pleuritic chest pain, and a productive cough with possible hemoptysis.
Lobar Pneumonia
- Defined as a diffuse fibrinous inflammation of the alveoli in one or more lung lobes, primarily caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- Usually affects healthy young adults, onset is abrupt with severe clinical symptoms.
Stages of Lobar Pneumonia
- Congestion: 24 hours post-infection, characterized by heavy, edematous lungs with red coloration.
- Red hepatization: A few days later, lungs appear red, solid, and airless, resembling liver consistency, due to massive polymorph infiltration.
- Grey hepatization: Occurs as red blood cells lyse, followed by various potential complications like lung abscesses or other systemic infections.
Granulomatous Inflammation of the Lung
- Causes include tuberculosis, fungal infections like cryptococcosis and aspergillosis, and sarcoidosis.
- Can lead to chronic lung conditions and secondary lung tumors.
Obstructive vs. Restrictive Lung Diseases
- Obstructive lung disease: Increased airway resistance leading to difficulty exhaling; includes conditions like emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
- Restrictive lung disease: Reduced lung expansion and difficulty inhaling; includes chest wall disorders and interstitial lung diseases.
Bronchial Asthma
- Symptoms include wheezing and a cough with obvious mucus.
- Chronic inflammation can result in complications like outflow obstruction and status asthmaticus, which can be fatal.
Bronchiectasis
- Defined by the abnormal dilatation of bronchi and bronchioles, usually due to chronic infection and obstruction.
- Common in conditions like cystic fibrosis and can arise from chronic bronchopneumonia.
Lung Tumors
- Malignant tumors are more prevalent than benign tumors and include primary (like lung carcinoma) and secondary metastatic tumors.
- Hamartoma is the most common benign lung tumor, identifiable as a coin-like shadow on X-ray.
Carcinoma of the Lung
- Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death globally, with peak incidence around age 50 and higher prevalence in males, although rates in females are rising.
- Key predisposing factors include smoking, air pollution, and certain occupational exposures.
- Common types of lung carcinoma include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma, with squamous cell carcinoma closely linked to smoking habits.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz focuses on acute cervical lymphadenitis, exploring its symptoms, causes, and potential complications such as asphyxia and acute toxemia. Learn about the effects of bacterial toxins and how they can lead to severe outcomes, including paralysis and toxic myocarditis. Test your knowledge in this critical area of medical science.
