Acute and Chronic Inflammation Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the inflammatory response?

To promote blood clotting

To isolate, destroy or inactivate infectious microbes (correct)

To enhance muscle regeneration

To facilitate nutrient absorption

Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Calor

Dolor

Lethargy (correct)

Rubor

What causes the redness in the inflamed area during the inflammatory response?

Fluid accumulation

Accumulation of macrophages

Tissue necrosis

Localized vasodilation (correct)

Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the initial defense against infection during inflammation?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes to increased capillary permeability during inflammation?

Histamine release Signup and view all the answers

Localized edema during inflammation is primarily due to which of the following?

Increased capillary permeability and fluid accumulation Signup and view all the answers

What role does bradykinin play in the inflammatory response?

It causes vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes the stage of 'walling-off' during the inflammatory process?

Separation of the inflamed area from surrounding tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the major mechanism of action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

Inhibition of cyclooxygenase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following NSAIDs is considered a prototype drug?

Aspirin Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) by NSAIDs?

Gastric ulcers Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes selective COX-2 inhibitors from traditional NSAIDs?

Fewer gastric side effects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drug classes can prevent or reduce inflammation in response to various stimuli?

Glucocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with selective COX-2 inhibitors?

Increased risk of cardiovascular events Signup and view all the answers

What do glucocorticoids primarily address in terms of inflammation?

Symptoms of inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug is known to inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes?

Aspirin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of glucocorticoids?

Decreasing the release of substances contributing to inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is not a mediator involved in the inflammatory response associated with glucocorticoids?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is an undesired effect of the immunosuppression caused by glucocorticoids?

Increased risk of infection Signup and view all the answers

What major component is found in mast cell granules responsible for various inflammatory responses?

Histamine Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of mast cells during an inflammatory response?

They release histamine and other mediators upon activation. Signup and view all the answers

What substance do prostaglandins and leukotrienes derive from?

Arachidonic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects is associated with the release of histamine from mast cells?

Vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What role do the chemotactic factors found in mast cell granules serve?

They attract leukocytes to inflamed tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cyclooxygenase (COX) regarding arachidonic acid?

To convert it to prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of prostaglandins?

Enhance inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is one notable effect of leukotrienes on the respiratory system?

They serve as potent bronchoconstrictors Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medication inhibits the production of prostaglandins?

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is primarily produced by activated macrophages?

Interleukins (ILs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of thromboxane A2 in the body?

It acts as a platelet activator Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is associated with increasing vascular permeability and inflammation?

Lipoxygenase (LOX) Signup and view all the answers

What effect do corticosteroids have on arachidonic acid?

They inhibit its release from the membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of interferons produced by virus-infected cells?

To protect uninfected cells from viral infection Signup and view all the answers

What effect does tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) have on the vascular endothelium?

Increases adhesion molecule expression Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with excess production of TNF-α?

Cachexia Signup and view all the answers

Chemokines primarily function as what type of substances?

Chemotactic substances Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant action of nitric oxide (NO) in the body?

Causing vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What systemic effects can be caused by TNF-α?

Fever and muscle wasting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about interleukins is true?

They attract immune cells through chemotaxis. Signup and view all the answers

Which interferon is NOT produced by human cells?

IFN-δ Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammation Overview

Inflammatory response is a complex, multistep process aimed at isolating, destroying, or inactivating infectious microbes.
Objectives include removing tissue debris and promoting tissue repair.

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

Rubor: Redness caused by increased blood flow.
Tumor: Swelling due to increased capillary permeability and fluid accumulation.
Calor: Increased temperature resulting from enhanced blood flow.
Dolor: Pain experienced in the affected area.
Functio laesa: Impaired function of the affected area.

Inflammatory Response Steps

Defense initiated by tissue macrophages.
Localized vasodilation increases blood flow to the inflamed area.
Enhanced capillary permeability leads to localized edema.
Phagocyte infiltration transforms the tissue response.

Macrophages and Vasodilation

Tissue macrophages are the first line of defense against pathogens by ingesting them.
Activated mast cells release histamine, leading to vasodilation and increased phagocyte delivery, causing redness and heat.

Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Chronic or exaggerated inflammation can damage tissues; anti-inflammatory medications are used to manage this.
NSAIDs (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen):
- Inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are crucial for prostaglandin synthesis.
- Effects: analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic.
- COX-1 inhibition may cause side effects like gastric ulcers.
Selective COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib):
- Target COX-2 for therapeutic effects while minimizing gastric side effects but can increase cardiovascular risks.
Glucocorticoids reduce inflammation but can suppress immune response, increasing infection risk.

Inflammatory Mediators

Histamine: Released from mast cells, causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability; key in allergic reactions.
Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes: Derived from arachidonic acid, enhancing inflammation and vascular permeability.
Cytokines: Small proteins (e.g., interleukins, interferons, TNF-α) with roles in inflammation regulation and immune responses.

Cytokines

Interleukins (ILs): Primarily produced by macrophages; can promote fever and attract leukocytes.
Interferons (IFNs): Secreted by virus-infected cells, protecting uninfected cells and enhancing immune activity.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α): A powerful pro-inflammatory mediator causing systemic effects (e.g., fever, anorexia) and involved in cachexia in chronic disease states.

Chemokines and Nitric Oxide

Chemokines: Small peptides that direct the migration of immune cells, produced in response to inflammatory factors.
Nitric Oxide (NO): A short-lived substance that induces vasodilation and inhibits leukocyte aggregation; acts as a significant mediator in inflammation.

Summary

Inflammation is a critical response to injury and infection.
Key players include macrophages, mast cells, and various signaling molecules.
Pharmacological interventions target specific pathways to mitigate excessive inflammatory responses while balancing the risk of adverse effects.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the differences and mechanisms of acute and chronic inflammation. This quiz covers the multifaceted inflammatory response and its importance in clinical settings. Perfect for students in clinical pharmacy or related health fields.