Questions and Answers
Which of the following levels of structural organization is considered the basic unit of the human body?
What does the term 'medial' refer to in anatomical terms?
Which anatomical term describes a position closer to the head?
Which of the following systems is NOT classified under transport systems in the body?
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What is the primary function of the musculoskeletal system?
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Which directional term means further from a point of attachment of a limb?
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Which system is involved in the intake of raw materials and elimination of waste?
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In anatomical terms, which of the following describes a position nearer to the front of the body?
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What type of bond is formed between hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule?
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What chemical elements are common in amino acids found in human proteins?
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Which of the following electrolytes is vital for muscle and nerve function?
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What is the pH range of a healthy human body fluid?
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Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?
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What is classified as an organic compound?
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Which of these is NOT considered a group of lipids?
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Which of the following best describes the function of electrolytes in the body?
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What is the role of glycogen in the human body?
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Which of the following accurately describes diffusion?
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Which particle in an atom has a negligible mass and a negative charge?
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What is the main characteristic of negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?
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What would be considered an important function of carbohydrates?
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What are nucleotides primarily involved in?
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What type of biological molecules include sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)?
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Which of the following best describes osmosis?
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Study Notes
Course Overview
- Course focuses on ten anatomical systems and their physiological functions.
- Skills include recognizing and palpating bone landmarks and muscle groups.
Levels of Structural Organization
- Five levels of organization in the human body:
- Chemical level
- Cell level (30 trillion cells)
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- System level
Anatomical Systems
- Transport Systems: Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems.
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Communication:
- Internal: Nervous and Endocrine Systems.
- External: Special Senses.
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Intake and Waste Elimination:
- Respiratory, Digestive, and Urinary Systems.
- Protection and Reproduction: Musculoskeletal and Reproductive Systems.
Anatomical Terms
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Directional Terms:
- Medial: Closer to midline.
- Lateral: Further from midline.
- Proximal: Closer to point of attachment.
- Distal: Further from point of attachment.
- Anterior/Ventral: Front side.
- Posterior/Dorsal: Back side.
- Superior: Toward head.
- Inferior: Away from head.
Body Planes
- Specific anatomical planes define orientations of the body.
Atomic Structure
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Subatomic Particles:
- Proton: 1 unit mass, positive charge.
- Neutron: 1 unit mass, neutral charge.
- Electron: Negligible mass, negative charge.
Molecules and Compounds
- Classifications: Organic (carbon and hydrogen) vs. Inorganic (others).
- Molecule examples: Water (H2O) and Sodium Chloride (NaCl).
Electrolytes
- Key electrolytes: Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Phosphate (PO4-).
- Functions include action potential generation, osmotic pressure maintenance, and pH buffering.
Acids, Bases, and pH
- pH scale measures hydrogen ion concentration; normal range is 7.35-7.45.
Biological Molecules
- Carbohydrates: Functions include energy supply, energy storage (e.g., glycogen), structural components of DNA/RNA, cell surface receptors.
- Amino Acids and Proteins: Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen; have an amino group, carboxyl group, and hydrogen atom.
- Lipids: Include fats, phospholipids, vitamins, prostaglandins, and steroid hormones.
- Nucleotides: Include structures like ATP and ADP.
Enzymes
- Catalysts for biochemical reactions, critical in metabolism and cellular processes.
Homeostasis
- Maintains internal stability; primarily regulated by negative feedback mechanisms.
- Positive feedback examples include blood clotting and labor contractions.
- Example of negative feedback: body temperature regulation.
Body Fluids and Movement of Substances
- Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration (e.g., sugar dissolving in coffee).
- Osmosis: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Fluid Compartments
- Body fluids divided into two main compartments: Extracellular Fluid (ECF) and Intracellular Fluid (ICF).
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Description
This quiz covers the major anatomical systems and their physiological functions as related to acupuncture practices. Participants will learn to recognize bone landmarks and palpate muscle groups essential for traditional Chinese medicine. Test your knowledge of human anatomy and physiology in the context of acupuncture.
