Cardiorespiratory System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary imaging modality likely to be available in first opinion practice?

  • Radiography (correct)
  • Ultrasound
  • Echocardiography
  • CT scan

What type of pathogens require predisposition for disease manifestation?

  • Opportunistic pathogens
  • Exogenous pathogens
  • Obligate pathogens
  • Endogenous pathogens (correct)

Which factor is NOT associated with making animals predisposed to infection?

  • Air quality
  • Vaccination history (correct)
  • Age
  • Crowding

Which of the following is NOT considered an obligate pathogen?

<p>Escherichia coli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of events leading to severe bacterial pneumonia in Shipping Fever?

<p>Hormonal effects followed by viral infection and then secondary bacterial infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the larynx in the respiratory system?

<p>Regulates air flow and produces voice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Hemagglutinin in the Influenza A virus?

<p>Binds to host cell for viral entry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the heart anatomically located within the cardiorespiratory system?

<p>Within the pericardium in the mediastinum between the two lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic symptom of Influenza virus infections?

<p>Severe pneumonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the alveoli play in the respiratory system?

<p>Facilitate gas exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure primarily branches to form bronchioles?

<p>Bronchial Tree (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could serve as a source of external factors affecting infection predisposition in animals?

<p>Use of immunosuppressive drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as a passageway for both air and food?

<p>Pharynx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood vessel is primarily responsible for transporting oxygenated blood away from the heart?

<p>Arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures in the respiratory system are involved in cleaning the air before it reaches the lungs?

<p>Nasal Cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of the cardiovascular system?

<p>Alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines stroke volume?

<p>End-diastolic volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT a component of cardiac output?

<p>End-systolic volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ionic change that primarily occurs during the depolarization phase of the action potential in a myocardial cell?

<p>Sodium ions enter the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do action potentials in the sinoatrial node differ from those in skeletal muscle?

<p>They exhibit a longer duration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which local anesthetic effect is considered toxic?

<p>Cardiac arrhythmias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the pharmacology of local anesthetics, which mechanism allows them to cross cell membranes?

<p>Passive diffusion through lipid bilayers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of abnormal pressures in the cardiac chambers?

<p>Cardiac defects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ion responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential in excitable cells?

<p>Potassium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the diaphragm during inspiration?

<p>To enlarge the thoracic cavity by flattening and moving downward (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During normal resting expiration, how does the process occur?

<p>It occurs due to the elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic cage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are primarily responsible for the active expiration during exercise or periods of increased oxygen demand?

<p>Both the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does pleural fluid play in the respiratory system?

<p>It provides adhesive forces to prevent lung collapse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the thorax and lungs operate during inhalation?

<p>They expand as a single functional unit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of contracting abdominal muscles during ventilation?

<p>It pushes the diaphragm cranially, decreasing thoracic volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles assist the diaphragm in breathing during physical exercise?

<p>Neck muscles and external intercostals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the thoracic cavity volume when the diaphragm contracts?

<p>The volume increases as the diaphragm flattens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary pathogens involved in the Feline Respiratory Disease Complex?

<p>Feline herpes virus 1 and Feline calicivirus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strain of Bordetella is associated with kennel cough in dogs?

<p>Bordetella bronchiseptica (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do opportunistic bacteria play in respiratory diseases?

<p>They can exacerbate existing infections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of equine and swine influenza viruses?

<p>They have both human and avian influenza cell receptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Bordetella species typically injure the innate immune system?

<p>By producing toxins that affect ciliated epithelium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding avian influenza strains?

<p>They can present in both low and high pathogenic strains. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infections can Bordetella cause?

<p>Both endogenous and exogenous infections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mixing vessels in influenza pandemics?

<p>They facilitate the mixing of human and avian influenza strains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two divisions of the horse's nostril?

<p>Dorsal and ventral nostrils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the nasolacrimal duct opening located in horses?

<p>On the floor of the vestibule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the spaces between the turbinates in the nasal cavity?

<p>Meatuses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which conchae are involved in the rostral system of the nasal cavity?

<p>Dorsal and ventral conchae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are paranasal sinuses?

<p>Extensions of the nasal cavity in the skull (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue that can occur with paranasal sinuses?

<p>They can become blocked due to inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ethmoidal conchae?

<p>Involved in olfaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed by the delicate scrolls that run the length of the nasal cavity?

<p>Conchae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lymphatic drainage

The pathway lymph (fluid) takes to move through the body and return excess fluid to the bloodstream.

Inspiration (breathing in)

The process of taking air into the lungs, primarily driven by the diaphragm.

Diaphragm (respiration)

The primary muscle of breathing, responsible for enlarging the thoracic cavity.

External intercostal muscles

Muscles that assist in breathing by pulling the ribs up and out.

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Expiration (breathing out)

The process of expelling air from the lungs, often passive at rest.

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Internal intercostal muscles

Muscles that assist in forced breathing by pulling the ribs inward.

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Pleural fluid

A thin fluid layer between the lungs and the chest wall, allowing for smooth lung movement.

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Lung-thorax unit

The coordinated movement of the lungs and the thoracic cavity for breathing.

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Wigger's Diagram

A graphical representation of the pressure and volume changes within the left ventricle during a single cardiac cycle. It illustrates the relationships between pressure, volume, and valve opening/closing.

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Stroke Volume

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat.

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Cardiac Output

The total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

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End-Diastolic Volume

The volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole (relaxation) before contraction.

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End-Systolic Volume

The volume of blood remaining in the left ventricle at the end of systole (contraction).

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Local Anaesthetic Pharmacology

The study of how local anaesthetics work to block nerve conduction, primarily by interfering with sodium channel function.

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Resting Membrane Potential

The electrical potential difference across the membrane of a cell when it's not actively sending a signal.

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Threshold Potential

The critical level of depolarization that must be reached for an action potential to occur.

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What are the functions of the pharynx?

The pharynx acts as a passageway for both air and food. It's the initial part of the respiratory system where air enters after the nasal cavity or mouth.

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What are the functions of the larynx?

The larynx controls airflow, responsible for producing sounds and the voice. It also prevents food and liquid from entering the airway.

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What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

The nasal cavity warms, humidifies, and filters incoming air. It also houses the olfactory receptors responsible for smell.

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What are the functions of the trachea?

The trachea is the main airway that carries air to the lungs. Its cartilaginous rings ensure its open structure.

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What are the functions of the bronchial tree?

The bronchial tree branches out from the trachea, further dividing into finer tubes called bronchioles. Its mucociliary escalator helps clean and move mucus out of the lungs.

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What is the role of the bronchioles?

These small airways connect the bronchi to the alveoli. They regulate airflow and control air distribution within the lungs.

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What is the primary function of the alveoli?

Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs, responsible for gas exchange. Oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide exits.

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What is the main function of the heart?

The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It delivers oxygen and nutrients, removes waste products, and plays a role in temperature regulation.

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Influenza A Strains

Different types of influenza A viruses, categorized by their surface proteins (hemagglutinin 'H' and neuraminidase 'N').

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Avian Influenza (H5N1, H7N7)

Influenza A viruses that primarily infect birds. They can be highly pathogenic and cause severe disease.

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Pandemic Strains

Influenza viruses that can easily spread between people and cause widespread illness.

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'Mixing Vessels'

Animals, like pigs, that can be infected with both avian and human influenza viruses, creating the potential for new pandemic strains.

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Feline Respiratory Disease Complex

A group of infections affecting the respiratory system in cats, often caused by a combination of viruses and bacteria.

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Bordetella bronchiseptica

A bacteria that can cause respiratory infections in various animals, including dogs, pigs, and cats.

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Obligate Parasite (Bordetella)

Bordetella bacteria that require a host organism to survive.

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Cillostatic and Cillotoxic Toxins

Toxins produced by Bordetella that can damage the cilia lining the respiratory tract, affecting the ability to clear mucus.

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Shipping Fever

A serious respiratory disease, often occurring in transported animals due to stress and viral infection, leading to secondary bacterial pneumonia.

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Influenza Virus Infection

A respiratory viral infection caused by influenza viruses (A, B, or C), often characterized by fever, coughing, and sneezing.

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What are obligate pathogens?

Pathogens that can only reproduce inside a living host, requiring a host environment for survival.

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How does stress predispose animals to infection?

Stress, such as transportation, overcrowding, or nutritional deficiencies, weakens the immune system, making animals more susceptible to pathogens.

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Name some common respiratory pathogens in animals

Respiratory pathogens include viruses (Influenza, Parainfluenza, Coronavirus, Herpesvirus), bacteria (Mannheimia spp., Bordetella spp., Pasturella spp., Chlamydia spp.), and fungi (Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp.).

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What predisposes animals to secondary bacterial infections?

Primary viral infections, such as parainfluenza, can damage alveolar macrophages, weakening the immune system and making animals susceptible to secondary bacterial infections.

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What are some virulence factors of pathogens?

Virulence factors are characteristics that allow pathogens to cause disease, such as toxins that damage host cells and lead to infection.

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What are the consequences of shipping fever?

Shipping fever can lead to severe bacterial pneumonia, characterized by inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs, potentially causing respiratory distress and even death.

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What is the nasoincisive notch?

A groove on the horse's skull where the false nostril (dorsal) leads to a skin pouch.

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What is the purpose of a nasogastric tube?

To pass a tube through the nostrils into the stomach, mainly used in horses for administering medication or emptying the stomach.

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What is the nasolacrimal duct?

This tube connects the lacrimal sac (tear sac) to the nasal vestibule. It drains tears.

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Define 'Concha'

These are delicate scrolls within the nasal cavity that increase the surface area for air conditioning and olfaction.

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What is the purpose of the Ethmoidal Conchae?

These scrolls at the back of the nasal cavity play a crucial role in the sense of smell.

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What is a nasal meatus?

The spaces between the nasal conchae (scrolls), where air flows.

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What is a paranasal sinus?

Air-filled cavities within the skull bones connected to the nasal cavity.

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What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

They help with air conditioning and sound resonance, but they are prone to blockage due to their narrow openings.

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Study Notes

Cardiorespiratory System Overview

  • Summarize the structures of the cardiorespiratory system. Include respiratory system organs/structures (pharynx, larynx, nasal cavity, oral cavity, trachea, bronchial tree, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli) and cardiovascular system organs/structures (heart, blood-fluid connective tissue, arteries, veins, capillaries).
  • Describe the anatomical location of the cardiorespiratory system. Include where the lungs and heart are located (thorax), associated tubes (extending to neck), location of heart in mediastinum, and lungs positioned in pleural cavity.
  • Describe the key functions of the cardiorespiratory system. Include conducting oxygen-rich air to alveoli, allowing gaseous exchange, and conducting carbon dioxide out of the body; olfaction, speech, and noise production.
  • Explain physiological considerations of how both the systems (respiratory and cardiovascular) work together. Include blood flow to lungs for oxygen exchange, flow to other organs, and return to the lungs. Include how veins are away from organs, and arteries towards organs.

Functions of the Respiratory System

  • Conduct oxygen-rich air to the lungs' alveoli.
  • Enable gaseous exchange.
  • Conduct expired air containing carbon dioxide out of the body.
  • Olfaction (smelling)
  • Speech/noise production

Cardiovascular System Functions

  • Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation
  • Transport nutrients, oxygen, immune substances, hormones, and chemicals to tissues and organs.
  • Carry away waste products (carbon dioxide).
  • Regulate blood pressure and supply of blood to tissues.
  • Regulate body temperature.

Pulmonary Considerations of Cardiorespiratory System

  • Air flows into the lungs due to pressure differences (mainly due to negative pressure of the pleural cavity).
  • Blood reaches the lungs due to heart pumping.
  • Mammals have two pumps and two circulations, while amphibians have one pump and one circulation.
  • Two pumps (left and right sides of the heart) must pump equal volumes of blood for lung and body flow.

Summary of Histology of Cardiorespiratory System

  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (respiratory epithelium).
  • Epiglottis, vocal cords, and vestibular folds are lined with stratified squamous epithelium.
  • Trachea is comprised of respiratory epithelium, fibrocartilaginous layer of C-shaped cartilage, and outer adventitia.
  • Bronchi are similar to trachea but contain plaques of cartilage and a muscular layer.
  • Bronchioles are similar to bronchi but have Clara cells instead of goblet cells.
  • Alveoli are comprised of inner squamous epithelium (type I pneumocytes) and type II pneumocytes, with surrounding elastic tissue and endothelial cells (from capillaries).
  • Blood vessels have an internal lining of endothelial cells (epithelial tissue).
  • Capillary walls are thin, composed of a single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane.
  • Tunica adventitia is the supportive tissue layer.
  • Tunica media is the muscular layer..
  • Tunica intima is the endothelial cells with basement membrane, and connective tissue.

Pathogens and the Respiratory Tract

  • Endogenous pathogens - animal's own flora (bacteria). These pathogens require predisposition for disease.
  • Exogenous pathogens - from another animal (obligate) or the environment. These pathogens can only reproduce inside a host
  • Viruses, bacteria (e.g., Mannheimia, Bordetella, Pasteurella, Chlamydia), and fungi (e.g., Aspergillus, Mucor) can cause respiratory infections.

Public Health Implications of Respiratory Infections

  • Diseases associated with Bordetella bronchiseptica:
    • Pigs - Atrophic rhinitis
    • Dogs - Kennel cough
    • Cats - Feline Respiratory Disease Complex and Bronchopneumonia
  • Mycotic respiratory infections (Aspergillosis), often affects birds and mammals.
    • Avian aspergillosis commonly related to stress, unsanitary conditions, overcrowding, and malnutrition.

Upper Respiratory Tract Structure and Function 1

  • Nasal cartilages determine the shape of the nostril (e.g., in brachycephalic breeds).
  • Alar cartilage is significant in relation to the false nostril in horses.
  • Meatuses are the spaces between turbinates and leads to the nasal cavity.

Upper Respiratory Tract Structure and Function 2

  • Describe the bones of the hyoid apparatus and their anatomical location (stylohyoid, epihyoid, ceratohyoid, basihyoid, thyrohyoid).
  • Explain the function of the hyoid apparatus (attachment for tongue and larynx).
  • Describe the location and function of the guttural pouch.
  • Name and explain structures indenting the guttural pouch and their clinical significance (glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal nerves, sympathetic trunk, internal carotid artery, medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes, facial nerve, external carotid artery, maxillary vein).
  • Explain the larynx's location relative to surrounding structures (ventral and caudal to pharynx, cranial to trachea).

Summary of Table of Contents

  • Includes the topics and page numbers in the table of contents to help students navigate the study materials.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential structures and functions of the cardiorespiratory system, including the organs of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Explore the anatomical locations of the lungs and heart, as well as how these systems collaborate for effective gas exchange and overall physiological function.

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