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Active transport uses cellular energy to move molecules against a gradient or resistance
active
It is associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs
transport
Active transport examples include ______ uptake in human intestines and mineral ion uptake in plant root hair cells
glucose
In ______, Emil du Bois-Reymond suggested the possibility of active transport
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In ______, Dennis Robert Hoagland investigated plants' ability to absorb salts against a concentration gradient
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In ______, Jens Christian Skou received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on the sodium-potassium pump
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Specialized transmembrane ______ recognize substances and allow them to move across the membrane
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There are two ______ of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport
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Primary active transport uses ______ as chemical energy and involves pumps
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Secondary active transport makes use of ______ energy derived from an electrochemical gradient
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______ and symport processes are associated with secondary active transport
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Primary active transport directly uses ______ energy to transport molecules across a membrane, including metal ions such as Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+
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definition
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questions
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Active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration ______
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Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this ______
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Primary active transport uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and secondary active transport uses an ______ gradient
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The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to pump sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, maintaining a concentration gradient essential for cellular ______
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An example of primary active transport using light energy are the proteins involved in ______ that use the energy of photons to create a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane and also to create reduction power in the form of NADPH.
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ATP ______ is used to transport hydrogen ions against the electrochemical gradient (from low to high hydrogen ion concentration). Phosphorylation of the carrier protein and the binding of a hydrogen ion induce a conformational (shape) change that drives the hydrogen ions to transport against the electrochemical gradient. Hydrolysis of the bound phosphate group and release of hydrogen ion then restores the carrier to its original conformation.
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P-type ATPase: sodium potassium pump, calcium pump, proton pump F-ATPase: mitochondrial ATP synthase, chloroplast ATP synthase V-ATPase: vacuolar ATPase ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporter: MDR, CFTR, etc.
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Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) comprise a large and diverse protein family, often functioning as ATP-driven pumps. Usually, there are several ______ involved in the overall transporter protein's structure, including two nucleotide-binding ______ that constitute the ATP-binding motif and two hydrophobic transmembrane ______ that create the 'pore' component. In broad terms, ABC transporters are involved in the import or export of molecules across a cell membrane; yet within the protein family there is an extensive range of function.
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In plants, ABC transporters are often found within cell and organelle ______, such as the mitochondria, chloroplast, and plasma membrane. There is evidence to support that plant ABC transporters play a direct role in pathogen response, phytohormone transport, and detoxification. Furthermore, certain plant ABC transporters may function in actively exporting volatile compounds and antimicrobial metabolites.
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In petunia flowers (Petunia hybrida), the ABC transporter ______ is involved in the active transport of volatile organic compounds. ______ is expressed in the petals of open flowers. In general, volatile compounds may promote the attraction of seed-dispersal organisms and pollinators, as well as aid in defense, signaling, allelopathy, and protection. To study the protein ______, transgenic petunia RNA interference lines were created with decreased ______ expression levels. In these transgenic lines, a decrease in emission of volatile compounds was observed. Thus, ______ is likely involved in the export of volatile compounds. Subsequent experiments involved incubating control and transgenic lines tha.
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Study Notes
Active Cellular Transportation: Key Facts and History
- Active transport uses cellular energy to move molecules against a gradient or resistance
- It is associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs
- Active transport examples include glucose uptake in human intestines and mineral ion uptake in plant root hair cells
- In 1848, Emil du Bois-Reymond suggested the possibility of active transport
- In 1926, Dennis Robert Hoagland investigated plants' ability to absorb salts against a concentration gradient
- In 1997, Jens Christian Skou received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on the sodium-potassium pump
- Specialized transmembrane proteins recognize substances and allow them to move across the membrane
- There are two forms of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport
- Primary active transport uses ATP as chemical energy and involves pumps
- Secondary active transport makes use of potential energy derived from an electrochemical gradient
- Antiport and symport processes are associated with secondary active transport
- Primary active transport directly uses metabolic energy to transport molecules across a membrane, including metal ions such as Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+
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Description
Test your knowledge of active cellular transportation with this quiz! Learn about the key facts and historical milestones related to active transport, including the role of specialized transmembrane proteins, primary and secondary active transport, and the Nobel Prize-winning research on the sodium-potassium pump.
