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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of passive transport?
What is the primary characteristic of passive transport?
Dynamic equilibrium occurs when there is no movement of particles.
Dynamic equilibrium occurs when there is no movement of particles.
False
Name one type of passive transport.
Name one type of passive transport.
Diffusion
In diffusion, particles move from an area of ______ concentration to an area of ______ concentration.
In diffusion, particles move from an area of ______ concentration to an area of ______ concentration.
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Match the factors affecting the rate of diffusion with their effects:
Match the factors affecting the rate of diffusion with their effects:
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Which of the following is true about dynamic equilibrium?
Which of the following is true about dynamic equilibrium?
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Higher temperatures cause molecules to move slower, resulting in a decreased rate of diffusion.
Higher temperatures cause molecules to move slower, resulting in a decreased rate of diffusion.
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Explain how the size of molecules affects their rate of diffusion.
Explain how the size of molecules affects their rate of diffusion.
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What is the main purpose of exocytosis?
What is the main purpose of exocytosis?
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Energy can be created in living organisms.
Energy can be created in living organisms.
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What is the formula for cellular respiration?
What is the formula for cellular respiration?
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In photosynthesis, light energy is converted into __________.
In photosynthesis, light energy is converted into __________.
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Match the following metabolic pathways with their definitions:
Match the following metabolic pathways with their definitions:
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What type of energy is most directly captured by plants during photosynthesis?
What type of energy is most directly captured by plants during photosynthesis?
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All living organisms are either autotrophs or heterotrophs.
All living organisms are either autotrophs or heterotrophs.
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What molecule is primarily responsible for carrying energy in cells?
What molecule is primarily responsible for carrying energy in cells?
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The breakdown of ATP to ADP releases energy when the _______ phosphate bond is broken.
The breakdown of ATP to ADP releases energy when the _______ phosphate bond is broken.
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Which of the following is a type of energy that is evident in cellular processes?
Which of the following is a type of energy that is evident in cellular processes?
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Which process describes the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane?
Which process describes the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane?
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Concentration affects the rate of diffusion; a greater difference in concentration results in a slower rate of diffusion.
Concentration affects the rate of diffusion; a greater difference in concentration results in a slower rate of diffusion.
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What is the purpose of the sodium-potassium pump?
What is the purpose of the sodium-potassium pump?
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In a __________ solution, the concentration of solute is lower than inside the cell, leading to water entering the cell.
In a __________ solution, the concentration of solute is lower than inside the cell, leading to water entering the cell.
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What is directly proportional to the rate of diffusion?
What is directly proportional to the rate of diffusion?
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Match the type of solution to its description.
Match the type of solution to its description.
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Facilitated diffusion requires energy input from ATP.
Facilitated diffusion requires energy input from ATP.
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What type of transport proteins change shape to allow molecule diffusion?
What type of transport proteins change shape to allow molecule diffusion?
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Active transport moves substances from an area of __________ concentration to __________ concentration.
Active transport moves substances from an area of __________ concentration to __________ concentration.
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Which of the following statements is true regarding hypertonic solutions?
Which of the following statements is true regarding hypertonic solutions?
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What is the first step of exocytosis?
What is the first step of exocytosis?
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Osmosis involves the movement of solute molecules.
Osmosis involves the movement of solute molecules.
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What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump?
What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump?
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During the breakdown of ATP, it is converted to __________, releasing energy.
During the breakdown of ATP, it is converted to __________, releasing energy.
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Study Notes
Cellular Transport
- Cellular transport is categorized into passive and active transport.
Passive Transport
- Definition: Movement of molecules across the cell membrane from high to low concentration without energy input.
- Direction: High concentration to low concentration.
- Energy Requirement: No energy required.
- Movement: Down the concentration gradient.
- Types: Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Diffusion
- Definition: Movement of particles from high to low concentration until dynamic equilibrium is reached.
- Dynamic Equilibrium: Continuous movement of particles, but no overall change in concentration across a barrier.
- Example: Red and blue particles moving randomly until equal distribution across sides.
- Factors Affecting Rate: Temperature (directly proportional), size (inversely proportional), pressure (directly proportional), concentration (directly proportional).
Osmosis
- Definition: Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high to low water concentration.
- Water Concentration: Inverse relationship with solute concentration.
- Example: Water moving from a region with high water concentration (low solute) to a region with low water concentration (high solute)
Facilitated Diffusion
- Definition: Movement of molecules across the membrane with transport proteins.
- Transport Proteins: Channel proteins and carrier proteins.
- Channel Proteins: Open and close to allow diffusion.
- Carrier Proteins: Change shape to facilitate diffusion.
Solutions
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Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration outside the cell than inside. Water diffuses into the cell, potentially causing cell swelling/bursting (except in plant cells).
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Isotonic: Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell. Water movement is balanced, no net change in cell size.
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Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration outside the cell than inside. Water diffuses out of the cell, causing cell shrinking/wilting.
Active Transport
- Definition: Movement of molecules across the membrane from low to high concentration, requiring energy input..
- Direction: Low concentration to high concentration.
- Energy Requirement: Requires energy (ATP).
- Movement: Against the concentration gradient.
- Process: Uses transport proteins powered by ATP hydrolysis.
- Types: Sodium-potassium pump, exocytosis, and endocytosis.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
- Function: Maintains sodium and potassium ion concentrations via transport proteins.
- Process: Uses ATP to move sodium out and potassium in against their concentration gradients.
- Cycle: Sodium binds, ATP hydrolyzes, protein shape changes, sodium released, potassium binds, phosphate released, protein returns to original shape, potassium released.
Exocytosis
- Function: Removing substances from the cell.
- Process: Vesicles containing substances fuse with the cell membrane and release contents outside.
Endocytosis
- Function: Bringing substances into the cell.
- Process: Cell membrane surrounds substance, forming a vesicle that is internalized.
Energy for Life
- Energy is required for all cellular activities.
- Energy comes from the sun, either directly or indirectly. Autotrophs capture light energy, while heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
- All chemical reactions in a cell are categorized as metabolism.
- Metabolic pathways: Catabolic (breaking down molecules) and anabolic (building molecules).
ATP
- Definition: Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy currency of the cell.
- Structure: Adenine, ribose, and phosphate groups.
- Function: Releases energy when a phosphate bond is broken (forming ADP), driving cellular processes. The ATP -->ADP process is catabolic and ADP-->ATP is anabolic.
- ATP plays a crucial role in most biochemical reactions.
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Description
Explore the concepts of cellular transport, focusing on passive transport mechanisms such as diffusion and osmosis. This quiz covers definitions, examples, and factors affecting the rate of diffusion. Test your understanding of how substances move across cell membranes.