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Acquired Immunity Overview
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Acquired Immunity Overview

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@VeritableJadeite

Questions and Answers

What characterizes acquired immunity in relation to pathogens?

  • It develops after initial exposure to a specific invader. (correct)
  • It provides immediate protection against all types of invaders.
  • It is innate and does not require prior exposure.
  • It can protect against all pathogens regardless of their type.

    • How does lymphoid tissue aid in the body's defense against invaders?

  • By absorbing toxins that have already affected the tissues.
  • By directly killing invading organisms in the bloodstream.
  • By intercepting pathogens before they can spread widely. (correct)
  • By increasing the speed of blood circulation during an infection.

    • What is the time frame typically required for the body to develop acquired immunity?

  • Immediately upon exposure to pathogens.
  • Only after the first wave of the disease has passed.
  • Typically within a few hours.
  • Within weeks or months of initial exposure. (correct)

    • Which statement is true regarding the interception of bacteria by the tonsils and adenoids?

    <p>They intercept bacteria before they can reach the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens once invading organisms enter the bloodstream?

    <p>Their spread can become much more widespread throughout the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism involves the binding of large particles with antigens, such as bacteria, into a clump?

    <p>Agglutination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process results in the formation of a large molecular complex that becomes insoluble due to the interaction of antigen and antibody?

    <p>Precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which immune response process are the toxic sites of an antigenic agent covered to prevent its effect?

    <p>Neutralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms directly attacks the membranes of cellular agents, causing their rupture?

    <p>Lysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of precipitation in the context of immune response?

    <p>Formation of insoluble complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of leukotriene release in hay fever?

    <p>Constriction of bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the nasal lining to swell during a hay fever reaction?

    <p>Release of leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In treating hay fever, which of the following actions do antihistamines primarily perform?

    <p>Prevent swelling reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological component is NOT directly involved in the allergic response of hay fever?

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is most commonly associated with hay fever due to nasal lining irritation?

    <p>Nasal drip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of histamines in the context of hay fever?

    <p>To trigger inflammatory responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'sneezing syndrome' specifically refer to?

    <p>Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with hay fever, anaphylaxis may occur due to which of the following?

    <p>Narrowed airways caused by allergen exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is NOT a principal actor in the protein system described?

    <p>C10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lytic complex C5b6789 in the complement system?

    <p>Rupturing cell membranes of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the enzyme precursors in the complement system typically activated?

    <p>Primarily through the classic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do MHC proteins play in the immune response of T lymphocytes?

    <p>They present antigens to T lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of the complement system significantly increases the effectiveness of phagocytosis?

    <p>Opsonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are involved in the classic pathway activation of complement system enzymes?

    <p>C1 and C2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are primarily responsible for phagocytosis as enhanced by C3b?

    <p>Neutrophils and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the antigen-antibody complex formation in the context of complement activation?

    <p>Initiation of the classical pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T lymphocyte is primarily responsible for regulating immune responses?

    <p>Regulatory T cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunoglobulin do basophils and mast cells primarily have high-affinity receptors for?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a function of macrophages in adaptive immunity?

    <p>Degrading antigen and presenting it to lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cell type primarily presents antigens to T cells?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of suppressor T cells in the immune response?

    <p>Inhibiting immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is responsible for ingesting and digesting organisms that neutrophils cannot?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the characteristics of Helper T-cells?

    <p>They stimulate the activation of B cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the ability of dendritic cells to capture and present antigens?

    <p>Antigen processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acquired Immunity

    • Lymphoid tissue strategically located to intercept pathogens before widespread infection occurs.
    • Immunity develops after initial exposure to bacteria, viruses, or toxins; full immunity may take weeks or months.
    • Entry into the bloodstream can lead to widespread spread of invading organisms.
    • Tonsils and adenoids act as barriers in the upper respiratory tract to prevent bacterial entry into the lungs.

    Immune Response Techniques

    • Agglutination: Clumping of large particles with antigens, such as bacteria or red cells, facilitating removal.
    • Precipitation: Formation of an insoluble molecular complex from soluble antigens and antibodies leads to pathogen elimination.
    • Neutralization: Antibodies cover toxic sites on antigens, blocking harmful effects.
    • Lysis: Direct attack on pathogen membranes causes rupture and cell death.

    Complement System

    • Comprises approximately 20 proteins, including 11 key proteins labeled C1 to C9, B, and D.
    • Enzyme precursors are typically inactive and activated mainly via the classical pathway.

    Classical Pathway

    • Triggered by antigen-antibody complex formation, leading to immune system activation.
    • Opsonization and phagocytosis facilitated by C3b, enhancing target engulfment by neutrophils and macrophages significantly.
    • Lysis generated by the lytic complex C5b6789, rupturing the membranes of pathogens.

    Allergic Reactions: Hay Fever

    • Also known as allergic rhinitis, characterized by sneezing and nasal congestion.
    • Symptoms can lead to life-threatening conditions like anaphylaxis through airway constriction and inflammatory responses.
    • Histamine release causes:
      • Local vascular dilation and increased permeability in nasal cavities.
      • Spasms in bronchioles, causing asthma-like symptoms.
    • Anti-histamine medications can alleviate swelling caused by histamine release.

    T and B Lymphocyte Functions

    • Helper T-cells: Assist other immune cells in response.
    • Suppressor T-cells: Regulate or suppress immune responses.
    • Regulatory T-cells: Maintain immune tolerance.
    • NK (Natural Killer) cells: Key in identifying and destroying infected or cancerous cells.

    Antigen Presentation

    • Macrophages, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells present antigens to T cells, initiating immune response.

    Role of Macrophages in Adaptive Immunity

    • Degrade antigens and present fragments to lymphocytes.
    • Digest organisms that evade destruction by neutrophils.
    • Produce complement components and store iron from aged red blood cells.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concept of acquired immunity, focusing on how lymphoid tissue strategically protects the body against invading organisms and toxins. It delves into the mechanisms of the immune response that develop after initial exposure to pathogens. Test your knowledge on the body's defense systems and their effectiveness.

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