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Questions and Answers
Natural immunity is not acquired through normal life experiences.
Natural immunity is not acquired through normal life experiences.
False
Passive immunity generates permanent memory in the immune system.
Passive immunity generates permanent memory in the immune system.
False
Artificial active immunity can be achieved through vaccination with live attenuated pathogens.
Artificial active immunity can be achieved through vaccination with live attenuated pathogens.
True
Antiserum administration is an example of artificial passive immunity.
Antiserum administration is an example of artificial passive immunity.
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Herd immunity provides protection only to individuals who have been vaccinated.
Herd immunity provides protection only to individuals who have been vaccinated.
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Humoral immunity is mediated by specific proteins known as antibodies.
Humoral immunity is mediated by specific proteins known as antibodies.
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Natural passive immunity is obtained by infants via maternal milk containing IgA.
Natural passive immunity is obtained by infants via maternal milk containing IgA.
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Active immunity occurs immediately after exposure to an antigen.
Active immunity occurs immediately after exposure to an antigen.
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The immune system's ability to recognize self from nonself is referred to as self/nonself recognition.
The immune system's ability to recognize self from nonself is referred to as self/nonself recognition.
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Artificial passive immunity is short-term and generates memory in the immune system.
Artificial passive immunity is short-term and generates memory in the immune system.
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Acquired immunity is present at birth.
Acquired immunity is present at birth.
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The immune system can distinguish between at least a billion different antigens.
The immune system can distinguish between at least a billion different antigens.
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Antibodies can only differentiate between two proteins that differ by several amino acids.
Antibodies can only differentiate between two proteins that differ by several amino acids.
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The primary immune response is mediated by memory lymphocytes.
The primary immune response is mediated by memory lymphocytes.
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Immunologic memory enables faster and more effective responses during subsequent encounters with the same antigen.
Immunologic memory enables faster and more effective responses during subsequent encounters with the same antigen.
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Acquired immunity encompasses both active and passive mechanisms.
Acquired immunity encompasses both active and passive mechanisms.
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Once generated, memory lymphocytes are short-lived and do not contribute to future immune responses.
Once generated, memory lymphocytes are short-lived and do not contribute to future immune responses.
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Vaccines provide permanent immunity against all infectious agents.
Vaccines provide permanent immunity against all infectious agents.
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The immunologic memory can lead to a life-long immunity after an initial exposure to an antigen.
The immunologic memory can lead to a life-long immunity after an initial exposure to an antigen.
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Diversity in immune responses is not necessary since the immune system responds uniformly to all pathogens.
Diversity in immune responses is not necessary since the immune system responds uniformly to all pathogens.
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Study Notes
Acquired Immunity Overview
- Acquired immunity, also known as adaptive or specific immunity, is distinct from innate immunity.
- It is acquired after exposure to an antigen, either through infection or vaccination (active immunity), or via antibody or lymphocyte transfer from a donor (passive immunity).
- Acquired immunity is highly specific and adaptive, differentiating between "self" and "non-self" cells or altered "self" cells to avoid harming the host.
Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity
- Antigenic Specificity: The immune system distinguishes billions of different antigens with utmost precision, distinguishing even slight variations in protein molecules.
- Diversity: Specialized immune responses exist to combat various pathogens.
- Immunological Memory: Subsequent exposures to the same antigen lead to a faster, stronger, and more effective response (secondary immune response), ensuring long-lasting immunity. A primary immune response, on initial exposure, is slower, and less robust. This memory enables long-term protection against many infections.
- Self/Non-self Recognition: The immune system primarily targets foreign antigens, avoiding its own body cells and tissues.
Types of Acquired Immunity
- Natural Active Immunity: Developed through exposure to a disease-causing organism (pathogen), triggering the body to produce antibodies.
- Artificial Active Immunity: Induced through vaccination with attenuated or inactivated pathogens, generating an immune response without causing the disease.
- Natural Passive Immunity: Transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus via the placenta or to a newborn via breast milk.
- Artificial Passive Immunity: Administration of preformed antibodies (antisera) or immune globulins in the form of treatment or prophylaxis.
Humoral Immunity
- This branch of acquired immunity involves antibodies produced by B lymphocytes to neutralise or eliminate pathogens.
- Antibodies are specific to particular pathogens and their toxins.
Cell-Mediated Immunity
- This branch involves T-cells, phagocytes, and NK cells.
- Essential in combating intracellular pathogens, cancers, and certain fungi or parasites; it is also important in organ transplant rejection.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of acquired immunity, including its characteristics and functions. Explore the distinctions between active and passive immunity, as well as the concepts of antigenic specificity, diversity, and immunological memory.
