90 Questions
Which of the following is true about acids and bases?
Acids and bases are considered electrolytes.
What is the pH of a substance that is considered neutral?
7
Which of the following is NOT a major organic compound?
Nucleic acids
What is the main function of triglycerides?
Energy storage
Which of the following is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid?
Olive oil
What is the primary function of phospholipids in the body?
Cell membrane structure
Which of the following is the largest molecule in the body?
Nucleic acids
Which of the following is an example of a covalent compound?
O2
Which of the following is a characteristic of a solution?
Particles are evenly distributed throughout
What is the solvent in blood?
Water
What is the main property of water that allows it to prevent sudden changes in temperature?
High heat capacity
What type of compounds do not contain carbon?
Inorganic compounds
What are salts?
Ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water
What role do ions play in body functions?
Specialized roles
Which molecule holds the genetic blueprint for the synthesis of all proteins?
DNA
Where is DNA located in the cell?
Cell nucleus
What is the function of RNA?
Links DNA to protein synthesis
What is ATP?
A chemical energy molecule
What is the role of ATP in cells?
Provides immediate energy for cells
What is the structure of DNA?
Double-stranded helical molecule (double helix)
What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?
Structure
What is the function of DNA?
Replicates itself
What is the function of RNA in protein synthesis?
Links DNA to protein synthesis
Which of the following is NOT a state of matter?
Plasma
What is the definition of matter?
Anything that has mass and occupies space
Which four elements make up 96% of the human body?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
What is the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry?
Organic chemistry deals with living organisms, while inorganic chemistry deals with non-living matter
Why is understanding chemistry and biochemistry important in the nursing process?
All of the above
What are the basic principles of chemistry as they apply to body processes?
Matter and energy
What are the key terms related to basic chemistry?
Atoms and elements
Which of the following is NOT a major organic compound?
Nucleic Acids
What is the main function of triglycerides?
Energy storage
What is the main property of water that allows it to prevent sudden changes in temperature?
Heat Capacity
What is the main building block of the body?
Proteins
What is the main function of DNA?
Genetic blueprint
Which of the following is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid?
Olive oil
What is the pH of a substance that is considered neutral?
7
Which of the following is an example of an organic compound?
Water
Which of the following is a characteristic of a solid?
Definite shape and volume
What are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods called?
Elements
Which of the following elements make up 96% of the human body?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
What is the main function of DNA?
Holds the genetic blueprint for the synthesis of all proteins
What is the main property of water that allows it to prevent sudden changes in temperature?
High specific heat
Why is understanding chemistry and biochemistry important in the nursing process?
Helps determine the most effective solutions to use to treat dehydration and fluid loss
Which molecule holds the genetic blueprint for the synthesis of all proteins?
DNA
Where is DNA located in the cell?
Nucleus
What is the main function of RNA?
Protein synthesis
What is the function of ATP?
Energy storage
What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?
Number of strands
Which of the following is an example of a covalent compound?
Water (H2O)
What is the solvent in blood?
Plasma
What is the role of ATP in cells?
Energy storage
What are salts?
Ionic compounds
Which of the following is an example of a homogeneous mixture?
Mineral water
What is the primary function of water in living cells?
To dissolve and dissociate ionic substances
What is the main difference between a solution and a suspension?
Solutions have solute particles that do not settle out or scatter light
Which of the following is true about salts?
They are vital for maintaining ionic balance in the body
What is the main function of inorganic compounds in living matter?
To maintain proper balance of electrolytes
Which of the following is NOT a property of water?
Reactivity
What is the main difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
Organic compounds are made up of elements other than carbon
Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?
Determines blood group
What is the main function of the glycocalyx?
Allows immune system to recognize 'self'
Which type of membrane protein is firmly inserted on the lipid bilayer and has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions?
Integral proteins
Which type of cell junction forms an impermeable junction that encircles the cell, preventing molecules from passing through the space between cells?
Tight junctions
Which type of transport requires ATP and occurs only in living cell membranes?
Active transport
Which type of passive transport involves the movement of particles from a region of high to low concentration down or with the concentration gradient?
Simple diffusion
Which of the following is NOT one of the main structures of a human cell?
Extracellular Matrix
Which of the following is true about the cell theory?
Cells can only arise from pre-existing cells
Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane?
Transport substances across the cell membrane
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoplasm?
Store genetic information
Which of the following is a function of the nucleus?
Store genetic information
Which of the following is true about extracellular materials?
They contribute to body mass
Which phase of the cell cycle occurs before mitosis begins?
Interphase
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids?
Anaphase
What is the final phase of mitosis, where two new nuclei form?
Telophase
Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the condensation of chromatin into visible chromosomes?
Prophase
Which phase of the cell cycle is the longest?
Interphase
Which of the following is an example of a non polar lipid-soluble substance that can diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer?
Oxygen
Which type of facilitated diffusion requires a special carrier molecule to move certain hydrophobic molecules down a concentration gradient?
Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
Which of the following is true about carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion?
It involves a shape change in carrier proteins
Which type of facilitated diffusion involves the selective transport of ions or water through transmembrane proteins?
Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
What is the process by which water moves through a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
Which of the following is true about tonicity?
Tonicity refers to the ability of a solution to alter cell's water volume
Which organelle is responsible for producing most of the cell's energy through cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
What is the function of ribosomes in the cell?
Synthesize proteins
What is the role of the cytoskeleton in the cell?
Maintain cell shape and aid in movement
Which organelle is responsible for packaging and processing products from the endoplasmic reticulum?
Golgi apparatus
What is the main function of lysosomes in the cell?
Break down materials
What is the largest organelle in the cell that contains DNA and serves as the control center for cell metabolic activity?
Nucleus
Study Notes
Cell Structures and Processes Summary
- Active transport is a process by which substances are moved against a concentration gradient, requiring ATP and carrier proteins.
- Vesicular transport is a form of active transport that uses membranous sacs called vesicles to transport large particles and fluids across the cell membrane.
- The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid found between the plasma membrane and nucleus, containing cytosol, inclusions, and organelles.
- Mitochondria are elongated, fluid-filled sacs in the cytoplasm that produce most of the cell's energy through cellular respiration.
- Ribosomes are small granules of RNA and protein that synthesize proteins, either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
- The endoplasmic reticulum is a complex series of membranous channels involved in protein synthesis (rough ER) and lipid synthesis (smooth ER).
- The Golgi apparatus is a series of flattened, stacked membranous sacs that packages and processes products from the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Peroxisomes are membranous sacs that contain detoxifying substances and play a role in the breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids.
- Lysosomes are membranous sacs of digestive enzymes that break down materials in the cell, including bacteria, and perform metabolic functions.
- The cytoskeleton is an elaborate series of rods made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules that maintain cell shape and aid in movement.
- Cilia and flagella are hair-like projections on the cell surface that have a wavelike pattern of movement and are involved in moving substances or the entire cell.
- The nucleus is the largest organelle in the cell, containing DNA and serving as the control center for cell metabolic activity. It is enclosed by the nuclear envelope and contains nucleoli and chromatin.
Test your knowledge on acids and bases with this quiz! Learn about the pH scale, electrolytes, and how to determine if a substance is acidic, basic, or neutral. Challenge yourself to score between 0-14 and discover the different properties of these important chemical compounds.
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