Acid-Base Regulation
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Questions and Answers

What is the normal pH range for human blood?

  • 7.5 – 7.8
  • 7.1 – 7.3
  • 6.8 – 7.1
  • 7.35 – 7.45 (correct)

    • Which of the following components is NOT part of the mechanisms the body uses to regulate acid-base status?

  • Respiratory mechanism
  • Chemical buffer system
  • Renal mechanism
  • Lymphatic absorption system (correct)

    • Which statement describes acidosis?

  • Normal hydrogen ion concentration maintained
  • Decreased H⁺ ion concentration
  • Increase in H⁺ ion concentration leading to pH < 7.35 (correct)
  • pH increases above 7.45

    • What is the role of a buffer in a solution?

    <p>Resists changes in pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance acts as a proton acceptor?

    <p>Hydroxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is CO2 excreted in the body?

    <p>Through the lungs during respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a weak acid's characteristic?

    <p>Reversibly donates H⁺ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of acid is formed during the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?

    <p>Volatile acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary buffer system present in extracellular fluid?

    <p>Bicarbonate buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which buffer system contributes 60% of the buffering capacity in blood?

    <p>Protein buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary action of the respiratory compensation mechanism for acidosis?

    <p>Increases alveolar ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pH range denotes acidosis?

    <p>7.25 - 7.35</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which buffer system is primarily responsible for intracellular fluid buffering?

    <p>Phosphate buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the kidney help maintain normal blood pH levels?

    <p>Reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increase in blood bicarbonate (HCO3⁻) indicate?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Increase in H+ concentration with normal PCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major adverse effect of systemic acidosis when pH drops below 7.2?

    <p>Decreased cardiac response to catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Cyanide poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does severe systemic alkalosis (pH > 7.6) have on cardiovascular health?

    <p>Decrease in serum ionized calcium concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms may occur in a patient with metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is appropriate for diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Hydration and administration of insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response occurs in an attempt to correct acidosis?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can lead to respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Anxiety leading to hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Severe diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    pH Values and Regulation

    • Normal pH range is 7.35 - 7.45
    • Acidosis is a decrease in pH below 7.35, meaning an increase in H⁺ concentration
    • Alkalosis is an increase in pH above 7.45, meaning a decrease in H⁺ concentration
    • 1 pH unit change = 10 fold change in H⁺ ion concentration
    • The body has three mechanisms to regulate acid-base status: chemical buffer systems, respiratory mechanisms, and renal mechanisms

    Chemical Buffer Systems

    • Act immediately to bind free H⁺ ions
    • Bicarbonate buffer system (NaHCO3/H2CO3) is crucial in extracellular fluid (ECF)
    • Phosphate buffer system (Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4) plays a key role in intracellular fluid (ICF)
    • Protein buffer system is the most significant, occurring in ICF, plasma, and hemoglobin (Hb)

    Respiratory Mechanisms

    • Control the amount of CO2 in the blood
    • Act within minutes to hours
    • Increase in blood acidity triggers chemoreceptors in the brain stem, increasing ventilation depth and rate
    • This lowers PaCO2, restoring normal arterial pH

    Renal Mechanisms

    • Control HCO3⁻ levels in blood, aiming for a 20:1 HCO3⁻/CO2 ratio
    • Act within hours to days
    • Reabsorb filtered HCO3⁻ and excrete H⁺ ions in the urine, stabilizing blood pH

    Acid-Base Disorders

    • Result from abnormal renal or respiratory function or when excess acids or bases overload excretory capacity
    • Categorized as metabolic or respiratory based on the primary cause

    Metabolic Disorders

    • Caused by imbalances in acid/base production and excretion by the kidneys
    • Metabolic Acidosis: decrease in HCO3⁻
      • Causes: ketoacidosis, aspirin intoxication, alcohol, shock, diarrhea, renal/hepatic failure, renal tubular acidosis, cyanide/CO poisoning
      • Signs and Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, fatigue, hyperventilation, drowsiness, confusion, hypotension, shock, coma
      • Treatment: Treat underlying cause, administer bicarbonate (if necessary)
    • Metabolic Alkalosis: increase in HCO3⁻
      • Causes: prolonged vomiting, diuretic use, excessive alkali intake
      • Signs and Symptoms: confusion, lethargy, hypoventilation, tetany (muscle spasms)
      • Treatment: Treat underlying cause, administer chloride-containing solutions

    Respiratory Disorders

    • Caused by changes in CO2 levels due to lung or breathing issues
    • Respiratory Acidosis: Increase in CO2
      • Causes: hypoventilation, lung diseases (pneumonia, asthma, COPD), respiratory muscle weakness
      • Signs and Symptoms: confusion, headache, shortness of breath, drowsiness, lethargy
      • Treatment: Improve ventilation (mechanical ventilation if necessary)
    • Respiratory Alkalosis: Decrease in CO2
      • Causes: hyperventilation (anxiety, pain, fever), mechanical ventilation
      • Signs and Symptoms: dizziness, lightheadedness, tingling sensations, rapid breathing, chest tightness
      • Treatment: Identify and treat the underlying cause, slow breathing rate

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    Related Documents

    Acid-Base Balance PDF

    Description

    Explore the concepts of pH values, acidosis, and alkalosis in this quiz. Understand the body's mechanisms for regulating acid-base balance, including chemical buffer systems, respiratory mechanisms, and renal mechanisms. Test your knowledge on how these systems work together to maintain homeostasis.

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