Acid-Base Regulation
24 Questions
0 Views

Acid-Base Regulation

Created by
@ProudPipa

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the normal pH range for human blood?

  • 7.5 – 7.8
  • 7.1 – 7.3
  • 6.8 – 7.1
  • 7.35 – 7.45 (correct)

    • Which of the following components is NOT part of the mechanisms the body uses to regulate acid-base status?

  • Respiratory mechanism
  • Chemical buffer system
  • Renal mechanism
  • Lymphatic absorption system (correct)

    • Which statement describes acidosis?

  • Normal hydrogen ion concentration maintained
  • Decreased H⁺ ion concentration
  • Increase in H⁺ ion concentration leading to pH < 7.35 (correct)
  • pH increases above 7.45

    • What is the role of a buffer in a solution?

    <p>Resists changes in pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance acts as a proton acceptor?

    <p>Hydroxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is CO2 excreted in the body?

    <p>Through the lungs during respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a weak acid's characteristic?

    <p>Reversibly donates H⁺ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of acid is formed during the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?

    <p>Volatile acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary buffer system present in extracellular fluid?

    <p>Bicarbonate buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which buffer system contributes 60% of the buffering capacity in blood?

    <p>Protein buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary action of the respiratory compensation mechanism for acidosis?

    <p>Increases alveolar ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pH range denotes acidosis?

    <p>7.25 - 7.35</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which buffer system is primarily responsible for intracellular fluid buffering?

    <p>Phosphate buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the kidney help maintain normal blood pH levels?

    <p>Reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increase in blood bicarbonate (HCO3⁻) indicate?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Increase in H+ concentration with normal PCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major adverse effect of systemic acidosis when pH drops below 7.2?

    <p>Decreased cardiac response to catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Cyanide poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does severe systemic alkalosis (pH > 7.6) have on cardiovascular health?

    <p>Decrease in serum ionized calcium concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms may occur in a patient with metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is appropriate for diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Hydration and administration of insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response occurs in an attempt to correct acidosis?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can lead to respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Anxiety leading to hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Severe diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    pH Values and Regulation

    • Normal pH range is 7.35 - 7.45
    • Acidosis is a decrease in pH below 7.35, meaning an increase in H⁺ concentration
    • Alkalosis is an increase in pH above 7.45, meaning a decrease in H⁺ concentration
    • 1 pH unit change = 10 fold change in H⁺ ion concentration
    • The body has three mechanisms to regulate acid-base status: chemical buffer systems, respiratory mechanisms, and renal mechanisms

    Chemical Buffer Systems

    • Act immediately to bind free H⁺ ions
    • Bicarbonate buffer system (NaHCO3/H2CO3) is crucial in extracellular fluid (ECF)
    • Phosphate buffer system (Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4) plays a key role in intracellular fluid (ICF)
    • Protein buffer system is the most significant, occurring in ICF, plasma, and hemoglobin (Hb)

    Respiratory Mechanisms

    • Control the amount of CO2 in the blood
    • Act within minutes to hours
    • Increase in blood acidity triggers chemoreceptors in the brain stem, increasing ventilation depth and rate
    • This lowers PaCO2, restoring normal arterial pH

    Renal Mechanisms

    • Control HCO3⁻ levels in blood, aiming for a 20:1 HCO3⁻/CO2 ratio
    • Act within hours to days
    • Reabsorb filtered HCO3⁻ and excrete H⁺ ions in the urine, stabilizing blood pH

    Acid-Base Disorders

    • Result from abnormal renal or respiratory function or when excess acids or bases overload excretory capacity
    • Categorized as metabolic or respiratory based on the primary cause

    Metabolic Disorders

    • Caused by imbalances in acid/base production and excretion by the kidneys
    • Metabolic Acidosis: decrease in HCO3⁻
      • Causes: ketoacidosis, aspirin intoxication, alcohol, shock, diarrhea, renal/hepatic failure, renal tubular acidosis, cyanide/CO poisoning
      • Signs and Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, fatigue, hyperventilation, drowsiness, confusion, hypotension, shock, coma
      • Treatment: Treat underlying cause, administer bicarbonate (if necessary)
    • Metabolic Alkalosis: increase in HCO3⁻
      • Causes: prolonged vomiting, diuretic use, excessive alkali intake
      • Signs and Symptoms: confusion, lethargy, hypoventilation, tetany (muscle spasms)
      • Treatment: Treat underlying cause, administer chloride-containing solutions

    Respiratory Disorders

    • Caused by changes in CO2 levels due to lung or breathing issues
    • Respiratory Acidosis: Increase in CO2
      • Causes: hypoventilation, lung diseases (pneumonia, asthma, COPD), respiratory muscle weakness
      • Signs and Symptoms: confusion, headache, shortness of breath, drowsiness, lethargy
      • Treatment: Improve ventilation (mechanical ventilation if necessary)
    • Respiratory Alkalosis: Decrease in CO2
      • Causes: hyperventilation (anxiety, pain, fever), mechanical ventilation
      • Signs and Symptoms: dizziness, lightheadedness, tingling sensations, rapid breathing, chest tightness
      • Treatment: Identify and treat the underlying cause, slow breathing rate

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Acid-Base Balance PDF

    Description

    Explore the concepts of pH values, acidosis, and alkalosis in this quiz. Understand the body's mechanisms for regulating acid-base balance, including chemical buffer systems, respiratory mechanisms, and renal mechanisms. Test your knowledge on how these systems work together to maintain homeostasis.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser