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Questions and Answers
What is the normal pH range for human blood?
What is the normal pH range for human blood?
- 7.5 – 7.8
- 7.1 – 7.3
- 6.8 – 7.1
- 7.35 – 7.45 (correct)
Which of the following components is NOT part of the mechanisms the body uses to regulate acid-base status?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the mechanisms the body uses to regulate acid-base status?
- Respiratory mechanism
- Chemical buffer system
- Renal mechanism
- Lymphatic absorption system (correct)
Which statement describes acidosis?
Which statement describes acidosis?
- Normal hydrogen ion concentration maintained
- Decreased H⁺ ion concentration
- Increase in H⁺ ion concentration leading to pH < 7.35 (correct)
- pH increases above 7.45
What is the role of a buffer in a solution?
What is the role of a buffer in a solution?
Which substance acts as a proton acceptor?
Which substance acts as a proton acceptor?
How is CO2 excreted in the body?
How is CO2 excreted in the body?
What is a weak acid's characteristic?
What is a weak acid's characteristic?
Which type of acid is formed during the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?
Which type of acid is formed during the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?
What is the primary buffer system present in extracellular fluid?
What is the primary buffer system present in extracellular fluid?
Which buffer system contributes 60% of the buffering capacity in blood?
Which buffer system contributes 60% of the buffering capacity in blood?
What is a primary action of the respiratory compensation mechanism for acidosis?
What is a primary action of the respiratory compensation mechanism for acidosis?
Which pH range denotes acidosis?
Which pH range denotes acidosis?
Which buffer system is primarily responsible for intracellular fluid buffering?
Which buffer system is primarily responsible for intracellular fluid buffering?
How does the kidney help maintain normal blood pH levels?
How does the kidney help maintain normal blood pH levels?
What does an increase in blood bicarbonate (HCO3⁻) indicate?
What does an increase in blood bicarbonate (HCO3⁻) indicate?
What characterizes metabolic acidosis?
What characterizes metabolic acidosis?
What is a major adverse effect of systemic acidosis when pH drops below 7.2?
What is a major adverse effect of systemic acidosis when pH drops below 7.2?
Which of the following can cause metabolic acidosis?
Which of the following can cause metabolic acidosis?
What effect does severe systemic alkalosis (pH > 7.6) have on cardiovascular health?
What effect does severe systemic alkalosis (pH > 7.6) have on cardiovascular health?
What symptoms may occur in a patient with metabolic acidosis?
What symptoms may occur in a patient with metabolic acidosis?
Which treatment is appropriate for diabetic ketoacidosis?
Which treatment is appropriate for diabetic ketoacidosis?
What physiological response occurs in an attempt to correct acidosis?
What physiological response occurs in an attempt to correct acidosis?
Which of the following can lead to respiratory alkalosis?
Which of the following can lead to respiratory alkalosis?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of metabolic alkalosis?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of metabolic alkalosis?
Study Notes
pH Values and Regulation
- Normal pH range is 7.35 - 7.45
- Acidosis is a decrease in pH below 7.35, meaning an increase in H⁺ concentration
- Alkalosis is an increase in pH above 7.45, meaning a decrease in H⁺ concentration
- 1 pH unit change = 10 fold change in H⁺ ion concentration
- The body has three mechanisms to regulate acid-base status: chemical buffer systems, respiratory mechanisms, and renal mechanisms
Chemical Buffer Systems
- Act immediately to bind free H⁺ ions
- Bicarbonate buffer system (NaHCO3/H2CO3) is crucial in extracellular fluid (ECF)
- Phosphate buffer system (Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4) plays a key role in intracellular fluid (ICF)
- Protein buffer system is the most significant, occurring in ICF, plasma, and hemoglobin (Hb)
Respiratory Mechanisms
- Control the amount of CO2 in the blood
- Act within minutes to hours
- Increase in blood acidity triggers chemoreceptors in the brain stem, increasing ventilation depth and rate
- This lowers PaCO2, restoring normal arterial pH
Renal Mechanisms
- Control HCO3⁻ levels in blood, aiming for a 20:1 HCO3⁻/CO2 ratio
- Act within hours to days
- Reabsorb filtered HCO3⁻ and excrete H⁺ ions in the urine, stabilizing blood pH
Acid-Base Disorders
- Result from abnormal renal or respiratory function or when excess acids or bases overload excretory capacity
- Categorized as metabolic or respiratory based on the primary cause
Metabolic Disorders
- Caused by imbalances in acid/base production and excretion by the kidneys
- Metabolic Acidosis: decrease in HCO3⁻
- Causes: ketoacidosis, aspirin intoxication, alcohol, shock, diarrhea, renal/hepatic failure, renal tubular acidosis, cyanide/CO poisoning
- Signs and Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, fatigue, hyperventilation, drowsiness, confusion, hypotension, shock, coma
- Treatment: Treat underlying cause, administer bicarbonate (if necessary)
- Metabolic Alkalosis: increase in HCO3⁻
- Causes: prolonged vomiting, diuretic use, excessive alkali intake
- Signs and Symptoms: confusion, lethargy, hypoventilation, tetany (muscle spasms)
- Treatment: Treat underlying cause, administer chloride-containing solutions
Respiratory Disorders
- Caused by changes in CO2 levels due to lung or breathing issues
- Respiratory Acidosis: Increase in CO2
- Causes: hypoventilation, lung diseases (pneumonia, asthma, COPD), respiratory muscle weakness
- Signs and Symptoms: confusion, headache, shortness of breath, drowsiness, lethargy
- Treatment: Improve ventilation (mechanical ventilation if necessary)
- Respiratory Alkalosis: Decrease in CO2
- Causes: hyperventilation (anxiety, pain, fever), mechanical ventilation
- Signs and Symptoms: dizziness, lightheadedness, tingling sensations, rapid breathing, chest tightness
- Treatment: Identify and treat the underlying cause, slow breathing rate
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Description
Explore the concepts of pH values, acidosis, and alkalosis in this quiz. Understand the body's mechanisms for regulating acid-base balance, including chemical buffer systems, respiratory mechanisms, and renal mechanisms. Test your knowledge on how these systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
