Podcast
Questions and Answers
What effect does hypoventilation have on acid-base balance?
What effect does hypoventilation have on acid-base balance?
Which condition is associated with metabolic acidosis?
Which condition is associated with metabolic acidosis?
In the context of acid-base control, what role does the renal buffer play?
In the context of acid-base control, what role does the renal buffer play?
What is the normal range for arterial blood gas (ABG) pH?
What is the normal range for arterial blood gas (ABG) pH?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following electrolyte changes is associated with alkalosis?
Which of the following electrolyte changes is associated with alkalosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of hyperventilation on acid-base balance?
What is the effect of hyperventilation on acid-base balance?
Signup and view all the answers
What hormonal response may occur with hypovolemia related to acid-base balance?
What hormonal response may occur with hypovolemia related to acid-base balance?
Signup and view all the answers
In interpreting arterial blood gases, what indicates respiratory acidosis?
In interpreting arterial blood gases, what indicates respiratory acidosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Acid-Base Imbalances
- Water is essential for acid-base balance.
- Sources of acid and base:
- Fluids: H2O
- Oxygen: O2 (low levels mean acid)
- Carbon dioxide: CO2 (directly proportional to acid increase)
- Electrolytes: K+, Na+, Ca2+
- Food: Glucose
Basics of Acid-Base
-
H2O = H+ + OH-
- H+ = Acid: Low pH
- OH- = Base: High pH
-
pH: Power (concentration) of hydrogen ions.
- Normal pH: 7.35 – 7.45
- Acidosis: pH < 7.35
- Alkalosis: pH > 7.45
- Homeostasis disruptions in fluid, respiration, gastrointestinal tract, etc., can cause acid-base imbalances.
Factors influencing Acid-Base
- Airway: Obstruction leads to hypoventilation, increasing CO2 and causing acidosis.
-
Breathing:
- Hypoventilation: CO2 retention = Acidosis
- Hyperventilation: Removes CO2 = Alkalosis
-
Circulation:
- Hypovolemia (dehydration) = Acidosis
- Hypervolemia (overhydration) = Alkalosis
-
Nutrition:
- Upper GIT (HCl): Vomiting = Metabolic alkalosis
- Lower GIT (KOH): Diarrhea = Metabolic acidosis
-
Renal:
- Bicarbonate: Low = Acidosis; High = Alkalosis
- Oliguria: Decreased urine output = Acidosis
- Polyuria: Increased urine output = Alkalosis
ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases)
- pH: 7.35 – 7.45 (Acidosis < 7.35)
- PaCO2: 35 – 45 (Respiratory)
- PaO2: 80 -100
- SpO2: 95-100
- HCO3-: 22 – 26 (Metabolic)
Acid-Base Equation
- H2O + CO2 = H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+ = Homeostasis
- H2O + CO2 = H2CO3 = Respiratory
- H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+ = Metabolic
Causes of Acid-Base Imbalances
-
Respiratory Disorders:
- Respiratory Acidosis/Alkalosis: Due to CO2 alterations
- Hypoventilation: CO2 > 45 (Acidosis)
- Hyperventilation: CO2 < 45 (Hypercapnia)
- Hypoxia: Low SpO2
- Metabolic Acidosis: Low pH, low bicarbonate, often due to diarrhea.
- Metabolic Alkalosis: High pH, high bicarbonate, often due to vomiting.
- Mixed Acid-Base Imbalance: Presence of both respiratory and metabolic imbalances.
Acid-Base Control Mechanisms
- Chemical buffer system: Controls hydrogen ions in blood.
- Respiratory buffer system: Controls carbon dioxide ions in blood via the lungs.
- Renal buffer system: Controls bicarbonate ions in urine via the kidneys.
ABG Interpretation
- Example 1: ABG = 7.32/50/25; pH < 7.35 = Respiratory Acidosis; HCO3 = Normal - The imbalance is primarily respiratory.
- Example 2: ABG = 7.55/43/32; pH > 7.45 = Alkalosis; CO2 = normal; HCO3 = high = Metabolic Alkalosis - The imbalance is primarily metabolic
Basic Rules of Acid-Base Imbalances
-
Alkalosis (Increased pH): Increased function of most vital organs (brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, pancreas), except for potassium = Hypokalemia
- Brain: Hyperreflexia, seizures
- Heart: Increased heart rate, arrhythmias
- Lungs: Increased respiratory rate
- Kidneys: Increased urine output
- Liver: Increased enzyme production
- Pancreas: Increased insulin production
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on acid-base imbalances, their causes, and effects on the body. This quiz covers the fundamentals of acid-base balance, factors influencing pH levels, and homeostasis disruptions. Perfect for students studying physiology or health sciences.
