Acid-Base Imbalances Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What effect does hypoventilation have on acid-base balance?

  • Increases carbon dioxide levels, leading to acidosis. (correct)
  • Causes hyperventilation and elevates pH levels.
  • Has no effect on the acid-base balance.
  • Decreases carbon dioxide levels, leading to alkalosis.
  • Which condition is associated with metabolic acidosis?

  • Diarrhea (correct)
  • Renal failure
  • Vomiting
  • Overhydration
  • In the context of acid-base control, what role does the renal buffer play?

  • Controls hydrogen ions in the blood.
  • Maintains oxygen levels in the blood.
  • Regulates carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
  • Adjusts bicarbonate levels in urine. (correct)
  • What is the normal range for arterial blood gas (ABG) pH?

    <p>7.35 - 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolyte changes is associated with alkalosis?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperventilation on acid-base balance?

    <p>Reduces hydrogen ions leading to alkalosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal response may occur with hypovolemia related to acid-base balance?

    <p>Increased release of aldosterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In interpreting arterial blood gases, what indicates respiratory acidosis?

    <p>pH is low, CO2 is elevated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acid-Base Imbalances

    • Water is essential for acid-base balance.
    • Sources of acid and base:
      • Fluids: H2O
      • Oxygen: O2 (low levels mean acid)
      • Carbon dioxide: CO2 (directly proportional to acid increase)
      • Electrolytes: K+, Na+, Ca2+
      • Food: Glucose

    Basics of Acid-Base

    • H2O = H+ + OH-
      • H+ = Acid: Low pH
      • OH- = Base: High pH
    • pH: Power (concentration) of hydrogen ions.
      • Normal pH: 7.35 – 7.45
      • Acidosis: pH < 7.35
      • Alkalosis: pH > 7.45
    • Homeostasis disruptions in fluid, respiration, gastrointestinal tract, etc., can cause acid-base imbalances.

    Factors influencing Acid-Base

    • Airway: Obstruction leads to hypoventilation, increasing CO2 and causing acidosis.
    • Breathing:
      • Hypoventilation: CO2 retention = Acidosis
      • Hyperventilation: Removes CO2 = Alkalosis
    • Circulation:
      • Hypovolemia (dehydration) = Acidosis
      • Hypervolemia (overhydration) = Alkalosis
    • Nutrition:
      • Upper GIT (HCl): Vomiting = Metabolic alkalosis
      • Lower GIT (KOH): Diarrhea = Metabolic acidosis
    • Renal:
      • Bicarbonate: Low = Acidosis; High = Alkalosis
      • Oliguria: Decreased urine output = Acidosis
      • Polyuria: Increased urine output = Alkalosis

    ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases)

    • pH: 7.35 – 7.45 (Acidosis < 7.35)
    • PaCO2: 35 – 45 (Respiratory)
    • PaO2: 80 -100
    • SpO2: 95-100
    • HCO3-: 22 – 26 (Metabolic)

    Acid-Base Equation

    • H2O + CO2 = H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+ = Homeostasis
    • H2O + CO2 = H2CO3 = Respiratory
    • H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+ = Metabolic

    Causes of Acid-Base Imbalances

    • Respiratory Disorders:
      • Respiratory Acidosis/Alkalosis: Due to CO2 alterations
      • Hypoventilation: CO2 > 45 (Acidosis)
      • Hyperventilation: CO2 < 45 (Hypercapnia)
      • Hypoxia: Low SpO2
    • Metabolic Acidosis: Low pH, low bicarbonate, often due to diarrhea.
    • Metabolic Alkalosis: High pH, high bicarbonate, often due to vomiting.
    • Mixed Acid-Base Imbalance: Presence of both respiratory and metabolic imbalances.

    Acid-Base Control Mechanisms

    • Chemical buffer system: Controls hydrogen ions in blood.
    • Respiratory buffer system: Controls carbon dioxide ions in blood via the lungs.
    • Renal buffer system: Controls bicarbonate ions in urine via the kidneys.

    ABG Interpretation

    • Example 1: ABG = 7.32/50/25; pH < 7.35 = Respiratory Acidosis; HCO3 = Normal - The imbalance is primarily respiratory.
    • Example 2: ABG = 7.55/43/32; pH > 7.45 = Alkalosis; CO2 = normal; HCO3 = high = Metabolic Alkalosis - The imbalance is primarily metabolic

    Basic Rules of Acid-Base Imbalances

    • Alkalosis (Increased pH): Increased function of most vital organs (brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, pancreas), except for potassium = Hypokalemia
      • Brain: Hyperreflexia, seizures
      • Heart: Increased heart rate, arrhythmias
      • Lungs: Increased respiratory rate
      • Kidneys: Increased urine output
      • Liver: Increased enzyme production
      • Pancreas: Increased insulin production

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    Acid-Base Imbalances PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on acid-base imbalances, their causes, and effects on the body. This quiz covers the fundamentals of acid-base balance, factors influencing pH levels, and homeostasis disruptions. Perfect for students studying physiology or health sciences.

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