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Questions and Answers
What effect does hypoventilation have on acid-base balance?
Which condition is associated with metabolic acidosis?
In the context of acid-base control, what role does the renal buffer play?
What is the normal range for arterial blood gas (ABG) pH?
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Which of the following electrolyte changes is associated with alkalosis?
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What is the effect of hyperventilation on acid-base balance?
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What hormonal response may occur with hypovolemia related to acid-base balance?
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In interpreting arterial blood gases, what indicates respiratory acidosis?
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Study Notes
Acid-Base Imbalances
- Water is essential for acid-base balance.
- Sources of acid and base:
- Fluids: H2O
- Oxygen: O2 (low levels mean acid)
- Carbon dioxide: CO2 (directly proportional to acid increase)
- Electrolytes: K+, Na+, Ca2+
- Food: Glucose
Basics of Acid-Base
-
H2O = H+ + OH-
- H+ = Acid: Low pH
- OH- = Base: High pH
-
pH: Power (concentration) of hydrogen ions.
- Normal pH: 7.35 – 7.45
- Acidosis: pH < 7.35
- Alkalosis: pH > 7.45
- Homeostasis disruptions in fluid, respiration, gastrointestinal tract, etc., can cause acid-base imbalances.
Factors influencing Acid-Base
- Airway: Obstruction leads to hypoventilation, increasing CO2 and causing acidosis.
-
Breathing:
- Hypoventilation: CO2 retention = Acidosis
- Hyperventilation: Removes CO2 = Alkalosis
-
Circulation:
- Hypovolemia (dehydration) = Acidosis
- Hypervolemia (overhydration) = Alkalosis
-
Nutrition:
- Upper GIT (HCl): Vomiting = Metabolic alkalosis
- Lower GIT (KOH): Diarrhea = Metabolic acidosis
-
Renal:
- Bicarbonate: Low = Acidosis; High = Alkalosis
- Oliguria: Decreased urine output = Acidosis
- Polyuria: Increased urine output = Alkalosis
ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases)
- pH: 7.35 – 7.45 (Acidosis < 7.35)
- PaCO2: 35 – 45 (Respiratory)
- PaO2: 80 -100
- SpO2: 95-100
- HCO3-: 22 – 26 (Metabolic)
Acid-Base Equation
- H2O + CO2 = H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+ = Homeostasis
- H2O + CO2 = H2CO3 = Respiratory
- H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+ = Metabolic
Causes of Acid-Base Imbalances
-
Respiratory Disorders:
- Respiratory Acidosis/Alkalosis: Due to CO2 alterations
- Hypoventilation: CO2 > 45 (Acidosis)
- Hyperventilation: CO2 < 45 (Hypercapnia)
- Hypoxia: Low SpO2
- Metabolic Acidosis: Low pH, low bicarbonate, often due to diarrhea.
- Metabolic Alkalosis: High pH, high bicarbonate, often due to vomiting.
- Mixed Acid-Base Imbalance: Presence of both respiratory and metabolic imbalances.
Acid-Base Control Mechanisms
- Chemical buffer system: Controls hydrogen ions in blood.
- Respiratory buffer system: Controls carbon dioxide ions in blood via the lungs.
- Renal buffer system: Controls bicarbonate ions in urine via the kidneys.
ABG Interpretation
- Example 1: ABG = 7.32/50/25; pH < 7.35 = Respiratory Acidosis; HCO3 = Normal - The imbalance is primarily respiratory.
- Example 2: ABG = 7.55/43/32; pH > 7.45 = Alkalosis; CO2 = normal; HCO3 = high = Metabolic Alkalosis - The imbalance is primarily metabolic
Basic Rules of Acid-Base Imbalances
-
Alkalosis (Increased pH): Increased function of most vital organs (brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, pancreas), except for potassium = Hypokalemia
- Brain: Hyperreflexia, seizures
- Heart: Increased heart rate, arrhythmias
- Lungs: Increased respiratory rate
- Kidneys: Increased urine output
- Liver: Increased enzyme production
- Pancreas: Increased insulin production
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Description
Test your knowledge on acid-base imbalances, their causes, and effects on the body. This quiz covers the fundamentals of acid-base balance, factors influencing pH levels, and homeostasis disruptions. Perfect for students studying physiology or health sciences.
