Acid-Base Definitions in Veterinary Medicine

Alpha cells in the endocrine portion of the pancreas secrete glucagon.

The exocrine portion of the pancreas, responsible for digestive enzyme production, constitutes 82% of the organ.

The inorganic portion of the pancreas secretes a watery fluid rich in bicarbonate, which neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach.

The organic part of the pancreas comprises four groups of enzymes vital for digestion.

Amylase is an amylase enzyme produced by the pancreas that helps break down starch.

Lipases are enzymes produced by the pancreas that break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Trypsin, a proteolytic enzyme, breaks down peptones into polypeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids.

Carboxypeptidase breaks down proteins into amino acids.

Ribonuclease breaks down RNA and DNA into mononucleotides.

Neural control influences all phases of pancreatic secretion.

One of the liver's roles is to break down plasma proteins into amino acids.

The vagus and splanchnic nerves are responsible for the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion.

Secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ), and gastrin are hormones that regulate pancreatic secretion.

One of the liver's vital functions is to detoxify absorbed substances by attaching them to sulfuric acid.

Seeing food is a stimulus that triggers the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion.

Heparin, a hormone produced by the liver, contributes to the synthesis of various blood clotting factors.

The liver contributes to blood formation by producing blood cells.

The conversion of uric acid into allantoin is associated with the synthesis of plasma proteins from amino acids.

A strong acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) into a solution, lowering its pH.

NH3 (ammonia) can be found in an acidic solution.

The symbol H+ represents the concentration of hydrogen ions in body fluids.

The equation pH = -log(H+) correctly defines the negative logarithm of pH.

OH- (hydroxide ions) can be found in a strong base solution.

H2CO3 (carbonic acid) can be found in a weak acid solution.

The chemical buffering systems that maintain acid-base balance in the body include: bicarbonate buffer, phosphate buffer, protein buffer, hemoglobin buffer.

Intracellular proteins (Hpr/Pr-), a physiologically important buffering system, tampons both volatile and non-volatile acids.

Chemical (Acid-Base) Buffering Systems are responsible for maintaining the pH of bodily fluids between 7.35 and 7.45.

The hemoglobin buffer system (HbH/Hb-) represents 53% of the body's buffering capacity.

The carbonic acid-potassium bicarbonate buffer system cannot prevent pH changes in response to changes in carbon dioxide levels.

Intracellular proteins serve as a buffer by acting as both acids and bases.

The primary sodium phosphate – secondary sodium phosphate buffer system is important in regulating pH changes in bodily fluids.