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Questions and Answers
What does the Oxy-Hgb Dissociation Curve illustrate?
What does the Oxy-Hgb Dissociation Curve illustrate?
- Hemoglobin structure
- Concentration gradients of CO2 and O2
- Electrostatic reactions
- Trends in O2 binding with Hemoglobin (correct)
Which condition leads to a rightward shift in the Oxy-Hgb Dissociation Curve?
Which condition leads to a rightward shift in the Oxy-Hgb Dissociation Curve?
- Hypothermia
- Acidosis (correct)
- Alkalosis
- Hyperthermia
What does Base Excess represent?
What does Base Excess represent?
- Amount of acid or alkali that must be added to 1L of blood to return the sample to a pH 7.40 (correct)
- Oxygen saturation in the blood
- Hemoglobin concentration in the blood
- Concentration of CO2 in the blood
What is the recommended maximum rate for NaHCO3 administration?
What is the recommended maximum rate for NaHCO3 administration?
What are the effects of IV NaHCO3 administration?
What are the effects of IV NaHCO3 administration?
What does a Base Excess of +2 suggest?
What does a Base Excess of +2 suggest?
What are the systemic effects of acidemia?
What are the systemic effects of acidemia?
What are the factors that cause a leftward shift in the Oxy-Hgb Dissociation Curve?
What are the factors that cause a leftward shift in the Oxy-Hgb Dissociation Curve?
What is the Arrhenius definition of acids and bases?
What is the Arrhenius definition of acids and bases?
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used to describe?
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used to describe?
What does the equilibrium constant (K) predict?
What does the equilibrium constant (K) predict?
What is the pH scale range and its significance?
What is the pH scale range and its significance?
What does the Lewis approach define acids and bases as?
What does the Lewis approach define acids and bases as?
What does the pKa/pKb represent?
What does the pKa/pKb represent?
What is the Boston Approach related to?
What is the Boston Approach related to?
What does the pH represent?
What does the pH represent?
What is the goal of an acid-base reaction?
What is the goal of an acid-base reaction?
What is the primary emphasis of Stewart's Physicochemical Approach in determining pH?
What is the primary emphasis of Stewart's Physicochemical Approach in determining pH?
What is the Strong Ion Difference (SID) defined as?
What is the Strong Ion Difference (SID) defined as?
What does the Total Amount of Weak Acid (Atot) include?
What does the Total Amount of Weak Acid (Atot) include?
How is the dissociation of water explained?
How is the dissociation of water explained?
What imposes the acid-base load?
What imposes the acid-base load?
What are the three primary systems to maintain acid-base balance?
What are the three primary systems to maintain acid-base balance?
What does chemical buffering involve?
What does chemical buffering involve?
What is the primary function of the bicarbonate buffer system?
What is the primary function of the bicarbonate buffer system?
What is the primary method for assessing acid-base disorders?
What is the primary method for assessing acid-base disorders?
Which condition is characterized by low PaCO2 and high pH?
Which condition is characterized by low PaCO2 and high pH?
What can help identify metabolic acidosis?
What can help identify metabolic acidosis?
What is the measure of the difference between major cations and anions?
What is the measure of the difference between major cations and anions?
What characterizes respiratory acidosis?
What characterizes respiratory acidosis?
What helps identify additional acid-base disorders?
What helps identify additional acid-base disorders?
What is characterized by high HCO3 and high pH?
What is characterized by high HCO3 and high pH?
What equation helps in assessing hypoxemia?
What equation helps in assessing hypoxemia?
What is characterized by low HCO3 and low pH?
What is characterized by low HCO3 and low pH?
What helps in evaluating hypoxemia-related pathology?
What helps in evaluating hypoxemia-related pathology?
What equation can help identify hypoxemia-related issues?
What equation can help identify hypoxemia-related issues?
What is the primary method for assessing acute respiratory derangements?
What is the primary method for assessing acute respiratory derangements?
Study Notes
Understanding Acid-Base Balance in the Body
- S is the solubility coefficient of CO2 = 0.03 Eq
- Acid-base balance concepts introduced by Siggaard/Andersen in the 1950s
- Anion Gap Approach introduced by Emmett/Narins in 1977 to evaluate acid-base balance
- Stewart Model introduced in 1983 based on the law of electroneutrality, dilution, and conservation of mass
- Stewart's Physicochemical Approach emphasizes the role of variables PaCO2, Atot, and SID in determining pH
- Strong Ion Difference (SID) defined as the balance of measurable cations and anions
- Total Amount of Weak Acid (Atot) includes non-bicarbonate buffers like albumin and phosphate
- Dissociation of Water explained as an amphiprotic species that acts as an acid or base
- Acid-base load is imposed via diet, metabolic processes, cellular shifts, and iatrogenic interventions
- Three primary systems to maintain acid-base balance: Buffer System, Lungs, and Kidneys
- Chemical buffering involves solutions that resist shifts in pH due to addition of acid or base
- Bicarbonate buffer system works to resist sudden changes in pH by converting strong bases to weak bases and vice versa
Understanding Acid-Base Disorders
- Acid-base disorders are assessed through arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis
- Differentiating between respiratory and metabolic acid-base disorders is crucial
- Calculation of the anion gap can help identify metabolic acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis is characterized by low PaCO2 and high pH
- Respiratory acidosis is characterized by high PaCO2 and low pH
- Acute and chronic respiratory derangements have different effects on pH
- Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by high HCO3 and high pH
- Metabolic acidosis is characterized by low HCO3 and low pH
- Anion gap is a measure of the difference between major cations and anions
- The delta gap helps identify additional acid-base disorders
- Alveolar gas equation helps in assessing hypoxemia
- The A-a oxygen gradient is calculated to determine hypoxemia-related pathology
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Test your knowledge of acid-base balance and disorders with this quiz. From the Stewart Model to arterial blood gas analysis, challenge yourself with questions on solubility coefficients, anion gap, respiratory and metabolic acid-base disorders, and more.
