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Questions and Answers
What is the function of Potassium ($K^+$)?
What is the function of Potassium ($K^+$)?
What are the manifestations of Hypokalemia (K+ below 3.5)?
What are the manifestations of Hypokalemia (K+ below 3.5)?
What are the causes of Hypokalemia?
What are the causes of Hypokalemia?
What is the critical level for Hyperkalemia (K+)?
What is the critical level for Hyperkalemia (K+)?
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What are the manifestations of Hyperkalemia?
What are the manifestations of Hyperkalemia?
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What is the function of Sodium ($Na$)?
What is the function of Sodium ($Na$)?
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What are the manifestations of Hyponatremia?
What are the manifestations of Hyponatremia?
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What is the function of Chloride ($Cl$)?
What is the function of Chloride ($Cl$)?
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What are the manifestations of Hypomagnesemia?
What are the manifestations of Hypomagnesemia?
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What is the function of Calcium ($Ca$)?
What is the function of Calcium ($Ca$)?
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What are the manifestations of Hypocalcemia?
What are the manifestations of Hypocalcemia?
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What are the manifestations of Hypercalcemia?
What are the manifestations of Hypercalcemia?
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What are the manifestations of Hyperphosphatemia?
What are the manifestations of Hyperphosphatemia?
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What are the manifestations of Hypophosphatemia?
What are the manifestations of Hypophosphatemia?
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Study Notes
Potassium (K+)
- Helps regulate heart rhythm and muscle contractions
- Crucial for nerve function and muscle contractions
Hypokalemia (K+ below 3.5)
- Manifestations:
- Muscle weakness
- Fatigue
- Constipation
- Abnormal heart rhythms
- Palpitations
- Causes:
- Diuretic use
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Certain medications
- Hormonal imbalances
Hyperkalemia (K+ above 5.5)
- Critical level: above 6.5 mmol/L
- Manifestations:
- Abnormal heart rhythms
- Palpitations
- Muscle weakness
- Fatigue
- Tingling sensations
Sodium (Na+)
- Helps regulate fluid balance and blood pressure
- Crucial for nerve function
Hyponatremia (Na+ below 135)
- Manifestations:
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Seizures (in severe cases)
Chloride (Cl-)
- Helps maintain fluid balance and pH balance
- Crucial for maintaining blood pressure
Magnesium (Mg2+)
- Helps regulate muscle and nerve function
- Crucial for bone health and energy production
Hypomagnesemia (Mg2+ below 0.7)
- Manifestations:
- Muscle cramps
- Weakness
- Fatigue
- Abnormal heart rhythms
- Seizures (in severe cases)
Calcium (Ca2+)
- Crucial for bone health and muscle function
- Helps regulate heart rhythm
Hypocalcemia (Ca2+ below 2.2)
- Manifestations:
- Muscle cramps
- Twitching
- Numbness
- Tingling sensations
Hypercalcemia (Ca2+ above 2.6)
- Manifestations:
- Weakness
- Fatigue
- Abdominal cramps
- Nausea
- Vomiting
Phosphorus (PO42-)
- Crucial for energy production and bone health
Hyperphosphatemia (PO42- above 4.5)
- Manifestations:
- Weakness
- Fatigue
- Bone pain
- Nausea
- Vomiting
Hypophosphatemia (PO42- below 2.5)
- Manifestations:
- Weakness
- Fatigue
- Confusion
- Seizures (in severe cases)
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Description
Test your knowledge of acid-base balance with this quiz. Practice identifying different types of imbalances based on pH, Paco2, and Hco3 levels. Sharpen your skills in recognizing metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and more.
