Compromised patients

<p>Normal CO2 levels with low oxygen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cl-</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>140-150 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It alters pH through changes to chloride levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coagulopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-inflammatory properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only indicated for hepatic dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes RBC lysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HCO3 directly increases with increasing CO2 levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases ICF volume by allowing water to leave the extracellular fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To raise blood pressure during hemorrhage without causing fluid shifts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compensatory tachycardia to maintain cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases oxygen delivery to tissues due to low ventilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are contraindicated as they can exacerbate hypotension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic alkalosis, as indicated by the bicarbonate excess.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensure hydration status, discontinue ACE-inhibitors, and assess vital signs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They will only increase interstitial fluid volume without affecting the intravascular space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases afterload, potentially lowering blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complications include dilution leading to anemia, hypoproteinemia, coagulopathy, and edema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertonic saline is favored because it causes no cellular edema and produces immediate increases in stroke volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contraindications include hypernatremia, cardiac dysfunction, dehydration, uncontrolled hemorrhage, coagulopathies, and pre-existing fluid deficit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A non-responder indicates sufficient preload when a small amount of fluid causes no response in blood pressure or other hemodynamic parameters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Injecting pure water causes osmosis, leading to the entry of water into erythrocytes, which results in RBC lysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoventilation causes an increase in carbon dioxide levels, as less CO2 is expelled from the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absence of reflex vasoconstriction leads to low ventilation and high perfusion in the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bicarbonate acts as a buffer to help maintain blood pH within a tightly controlled range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorine acts as an acid in the acid-base balance, essential for maintaining proper physiological pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon dioxide diffuses more easily due to its smaller molecular size and higher solubility in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potassium is tightly controlled to regulate heart rhythm, while calcium is crucial for cardiac contraction strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium primarily acts as a base, and its normal range contributes to maintaining a slightly alkaline blood pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in HCO3 results in alkalosis, whereby a ΔCO2 of 10 corresponds to a ΔHCO3- of 1, indicating compensation in response to respiratory disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotonic fluids increase ICF volume by promoting water movement into cells due to osmotic gradients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The osmolarity of IV fluids must be similar to the body's fluids to prevent shifts of water that can lead to imbalances and complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CaO2, calculated as [Hg] x SaO2, directly influences oxygen delivery (DO2) as it dictates the amount of oxygen carried by the blood to tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In dilated cardiomyopathy, ventricular dilation leads to decreased contractility, resulting in lowered stroke volume although cardiac output may be maintained by increased heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isotonic solutions do not change osmolarity because they match the body's fluid osmolarity, primarily increasing extracellular fluid volume without inducing shifts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acepromazine can cause hypotension by reducing afterload, which can be detrimental in patients who require stable hemodynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In mitral regurgitation, management aims to reduce afterload and enhance contractility during systole to support effective heart function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In diabetic ketoacidosis, severe electrolyte imbalances and elevated ketones can alter blood gas parameters, emphasizing the need for rapid assessment and intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preoperative management of hyperthyroidism is crucial to limit stress, prevent hemodynamic instability, and mitigate risks of hypoventilation and hypotension during surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers