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Questions and Answers
Which condition can lead to metabolic acidosis due to renal failure?
Which condition can lead to metabolic acidosis due to renal failure?
- Overuse of antacids
- Excessive adrenocorticoid hormones
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis (correct)
- Vomiting
What is a clinical feature typically associated with metabolic alkalosis?
What is a clinical feature typically associated with metabolic alkalosis?
- Cold and clammy skin
- Increased respiratory rate
- Confusion
- Hypokalemia (correct)
What is the normal range for PaCO2 in mm Hg?
What is the normal range for PaCO2 in mm Hg?
- 35 to 45 (correct)
- 40 to 50
- 45 to 55
- 30 to 40
Which of the following is a cause of metabolic alkalosis?
Which of the following is a cause of metabolic alkalosis?
Which condition is characterized by low pH and high PaCO2?
Which condition is characterized by low pH and high PaCO2?
In metabolic acidosis, what happens to pH levels?
In metabolic acidosis, what happens to pH levels?
Which of the following conditions may lead to respiratory acidosis due to hypoventilation?
Which of the following conditions may lead to respiratory acidosis due to hypoventilation?
Which statement is true regarding the respiratory compensation in metabolic acidosis?
Which statement is true regarding the respiratory compensation in metabolic acidosis?
What is the relationship between bicarbonate (HCO3) levels and metabolic alkalosis?
What is the relationship between bicarbonate (HCO3) levels and metabolic alkalosis?
In respiratory alkalosis, what happens to the PaCO2 levels?
In respiratory alkalosis, what happens to the PaCO2 levels?
What is the normal blood pH level range considered healthy?
What is the normal blood pH level range considered healthy?
What describes a condition of acidosis?
What describes a condition of acidosis?
Which mechanism is NOT involved in regulating acid-base balance?
Which mechanism is NOT involved in regulating acid-base balance?
Which statement best describes buffers in acid-base balance?
Which statement best describes buffers in acid-base balance?
What is an effect of severe acidosis?
What is an effect of severe acidosis?
The phosphate buffering system is particularly significant in which location?
The phosphate buffering system is particularly significant in which location?
How do bases interact with hydrogen ions?
How do bases interact with hydrogen ions?
Which of the following is a primary extracellular buffer?
Which of the following is a primary extracellular buffer?
What is the primary role of the protein buffer system in the body?
What is the primary role of the protein buffer system in the body?
What happens to pH levels as carbon dioxide levels increase?
What happens to pH levels as carbon dioxide levels increase?
Which of the following statements about renal regulation of acid-base balance is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about renal regulation of acid-base balance is TRUE?
What defines the normal pH range in arterial blood gas measurements?
What defines the normal pH range in arterial blood gas measurements?
What occurs when carbon dioxide levels decrease in the extracellular fluid?
What occurs when carbon dioxide levels decrease in the extracellular fluid?
What is the normal range for arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2)?
What is the normal range for arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2)?
Which condition leads to an increase in the rate and depth of respirations?
Which condition leads to an increase in the rate and depth of respirations?
How do the kidneys respond when urine pH falls below 4.5?
How do the kidneys respond when urine pH falls below 4.5?
Flashcards
Acid
Acid
A substance that donates hydrogen ions (H+). Think of acids as 'hydrogen ion donors'.
Base
Base
A substance that accepts hydrogen ions (H+). Bases 'soak up' hydrogen ions.
pH Scale
pH Scale
The pH scale measures the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution. A lower pH indicates higher acidity, while a higher pH indicates higher alkalinity.
Normal Blood pH
Normal Blood pH
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Acidosis
Acidosis
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Buffers
Buffers
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Bicarbonate Buffer System
Bicarbonate Buffer System
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Phosphate Buffer System
Phosphate Buffer System
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Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis
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Respiratory Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
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Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Acidosis
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Metabolic Alkalosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
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Hypoventilation
Hypoventilation
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What is dihydrogen phosphate?
What is dihydrogen phosphate?
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What is monohydrogen phosphate?
What is monohydrogen phosphate?
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Explain the protein buffer system.
Explain the protein buffer system.
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How does the respiratory system regulate pH?
How does the respiratory system regulate pH?
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Explain how respiration affects blood pH.
Explain how respiration affects blood pH.
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How does the renal system regulate pH?
How does the renal system regulate pH?
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What is an arterial blood gas test?
What is an arterial blood gas test?
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Explain how pH values affect the body.
Explain how pH values affect the body.
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Metabolic Acidosis Causes
Metabolic Acidosis Causes
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Metabolic Alkalosis Causes
Metabolic Alkalosis Causes
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Metabolic Acidosis Symptoms
Metabolic Acidosis Symptoms
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Study Notes
Acid-Base Imbalances
- Acid-base balance is regulated by buffers, renal and respiratory mechanisms
- Buffers include phosphate, hemoglobin, and carbonate
- Renal mechanism involves the kidneys
- Respiratory mechanism involves the lungs
Classification of Acid-Base Imbalances
- Respiratory acidosis: low pH, high PCO2
- Respiratory alkalosis: high pH, low PCO2
- Metabolic acidosis: low pH, low HCO3
- Metabolic alkalosis: high pH, high HCO3
Interpretation of Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)
- ABGs provide values for pH, PaO2, PaCO2, and HCO3
- pH measures acidity/alkalinity based on hydrogen ions (H+)
- Normal pH range is 7.35 to 7.45
- PaO2 is the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
- Normal PaO2 range is 80 to 100 mm Hg
- PaCO2 is the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
- Normal PaCO2 range is 35 to 45 mm Hg
- HCO3 is the calculated amount of bicarbonate in the blood
- Normal HCO3 range is 22 to 26 mEq/L
Definitions of Acid-Base Imbalances
- Metabolic acidosis: low pH and low bicarbonate
- Metabolic alkalosis: high pH and high bicarbonate
- Respiratory acidosis: low pH and high PaCO2
- Respiratory alkalosis: high pH and low PaCO2
Imbalances and Related Values
| Imbalance | pH | PaCO2 | HCO3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Respiratory acidosis | ↓ | ↑ | Normal |
| Respiratory alkalosis | ↑ | ↓ | Normal |
| Metabolic acidosis | ↓ | Normal | ↓ |
| Metabolic alkalosis | ↑ | Normal | ↑ |
Causes of Respiratory Acidosis
- Hypoventilation
- Acute pulmonary edema
- Aspiration of foreign object
- Atelectasis
- Pneumothorax
- Overdose of sedatives
- Sleep apnea syndrome
- Chest trauma
- COPD
- Neuromuscular disease
Clinical Features of Respiratory Acidosis
- Hypercapnia (elevated PaCO2)
- Increased pulse
- Increased respiratory rate
- Increased blood pressure
- Mental cloudiness
- Feeling of fullness in the head
- Cerebrovascular vasodilation
- Ventricular fibrillation
- Papilledema
- Dilated conjunctival blood vessels
- Hyperkalemia
- Cyanosis
- Tachypnea
Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis
- Hyperventilation
- Anxiety
- Hypoxia
- High altitude
- Excessive ventilator assistance
- Pregnancy
- Fever
- Initial stage of pulmonary embolus
Clinical features of Respiratory Alkalosis
- (none listed)
Causes of Metabolic Acidosis
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Diarrhea
- Salicylate overdose
- Renal failure
Clinical Features of Metabolic Acidosis
- Headache
- Confusion
- Drowsiness
- Increased respiratory rate and depth
- Nausea and vomiting
- Decreased cardiac output
- Decreased blood pressure, cold and clammy skin
- Dysrhythmias
- Shock
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis
- Loss of gastric secretions
- Overuse of antacids
- Potassium-wasting diuretics (thiazides, furosemide)
- Excessive adrenocorticoid hormones
Clinical Features of Metabolic Alkalosis
- Tingling of fingers and toes
- Dizziness
- Hypertonic muscles
- Tachycardia
- High pH (above 7.6) -
- Hypokalemia
- Premature ventricular contractions
Buffer Systems
- Buffers resist changes in pH
- Buffers remove added H+ ions
- Buffers replace removed H+ ions
- Types of buffer systems include carbonic acid/bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
Bicarbonate Buffer System
- CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3-
- Main extra cellular buffer
- Affected by lungs and kidneys
Phosphate Buffer System
- Stronger than bicarbonate
- Important in ICF and renal tubules
- Its components are Dihydrogen phosphate, Monohydrogen phosphate
Protein Buffer System
- Proteins are the most concentrated buffer type in the body accounting for 75% of all chemical buffering in the body fluids.
- Proteins act as buffers in both extracellular and intracellular fluids
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance by the Respiratory System
- Regulates pH by adjusting CO2 levels in blood
- Increased CO2 leads to decreased pH (acidosis)
- Decreased CO2 leads to increased pH (alkalosis)
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance by the Renal System
- Secretion of H+ into filtrate and reabsorption of HCO3- into ECF to regulate pH, by controlling extracellular fluid.
- Rate of H+ secretion increases with decreased body fluid pH or increased aldosterone levels.
- Secretion of H+ is inhibited when urine pH drops below 4.5.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the acid-base balance in the human body. This quiz covers topics related to metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis, including causes, clinical features, and compensatory mechanisms. Perfect for students in health sciences and medicine.
