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Questions and Answers
What is the normal serum potassium level?
What is the normal serum potassium level?
Which of the following is a manifestation of hyperkalemia?
Which of the following is a manifestation of hyperkalemia?
What is the normal serum calcium level?
What is the normal serum calcium level?
What is a cause of hypomagnesemia?
What is a cause of hypomagnesemia?
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What is a manifestation of hypocalcemia?
What is a manifestation of hypocalcemia?
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What is a nursing intervention for hyponatremia?
What is a nursing intervention for hyponatremia?
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What is a manifestation of hypernatremia?
What is a manifestation of hypernatremia?
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What is a treatment for metabolic acidosis?
What is a treatment for metabolic acidosis?
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What is a nursing intervention for UTI?
What is a nursing intervention for UTI?
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What is urinary incontinence?
What is urinary incontinence?
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What is a common treatment method for dysmenorrhea?
What is a common treatment method for dysmenorrhea?
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Which of the following is NOT a method for the diagnosis of cervical cancer?
Which of the following is NOT a method for the diagnosis of cervical cancer?
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What is a common manifestation of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?
What is a common manifestation of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?
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What increases the risk of prostate cancer?
What increases the risk of prostate cancer?
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Which of the following is a normal finding in testicular cancer?
Which of the following is a normal finding in testicular cancer?
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What is the recommended age for receiving the HPV prevention vaccine?
What is the recommended age for receiving the HPV prevention vaccine?
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What medication is commonly used to treat syphilis?
What medication is commonly used to treat syphilis?
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How is menopause classified?
How is menopause classified?
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What is cervical dysplasia?
What is cervical dysplasia?
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What does a pH level lower than 7.35 indicate?
What does a pH level lower than 7.35 indicate?
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Which of these pH levels indicates respiratory alkalosis?
Which of these pH levels indicates respiratory alkalosis?
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What does a PCO2 level higher than 45 indicate?
What does a PCO2 level higher than 45 indicate?
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If HCO3 is increasing alongside pH, what does it indicate?
If HCO3 is increasing alongside pH, what does it indicate?
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Which is a common manifestation of hypovolemia?
Which is a common manifestation of hypovolemia?
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What is the appropriate medical management for hypervolemia?
What is the appropriate medical management for hypervolemia?
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What is a possible complication of hypervolemia?
What is a possible complication of hypervolemia?
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Which nursing intervention is appropriate for a patient experiencing hypovolemia?
Which nursing intervention is appropriate for a patient experiencing hypovolemia?
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What defines diffusion in a biological context?
What defines diffusion in a biological context?
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What is the normal range for HCO3?
What is the normal range for HCO3?
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Study Notes
pH Ranges and Acid-Base Imbalance
- pH range: 7.35-7.45
- pH lower than 7.35: Acidosis
- pH higher than 7.45: Alkalosis
PCO2 Ranges and Respiratory Disorders
- PCO2 range: 35-45
- PCO2 opposite direction to pH: Respiratory disorder (Respiratory acidosis)
- Respiratory acidosis: pH less than 7.35 and PCO2 higher than 45
- Respiratory alkalosis: pH greater than 7.45 and PCO2 less than 35
HCO3 Ranges and Metabolic Problems
- HCO3 range: 22-26
- HCO3 same direction as pH: Metabolic problem
- Metabolic acidosis: Decreased pH, PCO2, HCO3
- Metabolic alkalosis: Increased pH, PCO2, HCO3
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
- Diffusion: Fluids move from extracellular to intracellular
- Hypovolemia: Tachycardia, Tachypnea, dehydration, Low BP, Orthostatic hypotension
- Hypovolemia medical management: IV isotonic solution (9% NS)
- Hypovolemia nursing interventions: Fall precaution, Assist with ambulation, Monitor weight, Skin turgor assessment
- Hypervolemia: Hypertension, Rapid peripheral pulses, Respiratory symptoms, Crackles in lungs
- Hypervolemia medical management: Fluid restriction
- Hypervolemia nursing interventions: Monitoring weight, Calculating/monitoring strict I&Os, Fall precaution
Electrolyte Imbalance
- Hypokalemia: Serum potassium level < 5.0
- Hyperkalemia: ECG changes, Tall peaked T waves, Abdominal cramps, Muscle weakness, Diarrhea, Arrhythmia
- Hyperkalemia interventions: Calcium gluconate IVP, Calcium administration, IV dextrose and insulin administration
- Hypomagnesemia: Serum level < 1.6, Diarrhea
- Hypomagnesemia nursing management: Referral to alcohol abstinence programs
- Calcium normal values: 8.2-10.2
- Calcium and potassium are heart sensitive
Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
- Hyponatremia: Diuretics and seizure
- Hyponatremia nursing interventions: Seizure precaution
- Hypernatremia medical management: Limit sodium intake, Monitor daily weight
Other Electrolyte Imbalance
- Hypochloremia: Irritability, Hypotension, Tetany (Charlie horse)
Metabolic Acidosis
- Treatment: Treat underlying cause, Antidiarrheals
- Nursing management: Decreased cardiac output related to severe metabolic state
- Nursing interventions: Monitor hemodynamic status
UTI and Incontinence
- UTI manifestations: Dysuria, Dark foul-smelling urine
- UTI nursing intervention: Increased fluid intake (2-3 liters per day)
- Urinary incontinence: Involuntary or uncontrolled loss of urine in any amount
Men's Health and Reproductive Health
- Black cohosh: Menopause
- Bladder cancer risk factor: Smoking
- BPH manifestation: Weak urine stream/decreased force
- BPH medications: Anticholinergic
- BPH diagnosis: Digital rectal exam, Urinalysis to detect infection or blood
- Prostate cancer risk factor: Prostate enlarges with age
- Prostate cancer teaching: Signs of infection/fever
- Testicular cancer normal finding: Testicles darker in skin color than the rest of the body
- HPV increases the risk of: Cervical Cancer
- HPV diagnosis: Pap test, Colposcopy
- HPV nursing intervention assessment: Presence of genital warts
- HPV teaching: Prevention vaccine recommended for age 15-26
- Genital herpes manifestations: Fever, Headache
- Genital herpes medication: Cannot be taken during pregnancy
- Chlamydia may be asymptomatic but may result in: Dysuria
- Gonorrhea risk factors: Low socioeconomic status, History of STI and PID, Multiple sex partners
- Menopause classification: 12 months of no vaginal bleeding
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Description
This quiz covers the ranges and implications of pH, PCO2, and HCO3 in the human body, including acidosis and alkalosis. Test your knowledge of respiratory disorders and acid-base balance.
