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Questions and Answers
Which acid is associated with environmental exposure and can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly?
Which acid is associated with environmental exposure and can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly?
What condition is primarily caused by the ingestion of NH4Cl?
What condition is primarily caused by the ingestion of NH4Cl?
Which alcohol does not produce acidosis but rather leads to a condition characterized by 'acetone breath'?
Which alcohol does not produce acidosis but rather leads to a condition characterized by 'acetone breath'?
Which of the following is a consequence of glycolic acid and oxalic acid toxicity?
Which of the following is a consequence of glycolic acid and oxalic acid toxicity?
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What clinical feature is commonly observed in hospital-acquired lactic acidosis?
What clinical feature is commonly observed in hospital-acquired lactic acidosis?
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What is the corrected anion gap formula?
What is the corrected anion gap formula?
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What indicates a high osmolar gap?
What indicates a high osmolar gap?
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In acid-base measurements, how is the bicarbonate concentration derived?
In acid-base measurements, how is the bicarbonate concentration derived?
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What is the significance of the base excess measurement
What is the significance of the base excess measurement
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How is base excess defined?
How is base excess defined?
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What does a base excess greater than +2 indicate?
What does a base excess greater than +2 indicate?
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What are the components that constitute the total buffer negative ion of blood?
What are the components that constitute the total buffer negative ion of blood?
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What should the osmolal gap be to not indicate the presence of toxic substances?
What should the osmolal gap be to not indicate the presence of toxic substances?
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What is the expected increase in [HCO3] for every 10 mmHg increase in PCO2 above 40 mmHg?
What is the expected increase in [HCO3] for every 10 mmHg increase in PCO2 above 40 mmHg?
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Which formula gives the expected pCO2 when [HCO3] is known?
Which formula gives the expected pCO2 when [HCO3] is known?
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What does a change in actual pCO2 or [HCO3] from the predicted values suggest?
What does a change in actual pCO2 or [HCO3] from the predicted values suggest?
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How much will [HCO3] decrease for every 10 mmHg decrease in PCO2 below 40 mmHg?
How much will [HCO3] decrease for every 10 mmHg decrease in PCO2 below 40 mmHg?
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For acute conditions, what is the change in [HCO3] when PCO2 changes?
For acute conditions, what is the change in [HCO3] when PCO2 changes?
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What will happen to [HCO3] for every 10 mmHg increase in PCO2 below 40 mmHg in chronic conditions?
What will happen to [HCO3] for every 10 mmHg increase in PCO2 below 40 mmHg in chronic conditions?
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What does the equation Δ PCO2 = 0.6 Δ HCO3 indicate?
What does the equation Δ PCO2 = 0.6 Δ HCO3 indicate?
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Which statement is true regarding the expected [HCO3] calculations?
Which statement is true regarding the expected [HCO3] calculations?
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What is the maximum rate of administration for alkali replacement?
What is the maximum rate of administration for alkali replacement?
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What is often the primary cause of a primary increase in serum [HCO3-]?
What is often the primary cause of a primary increase in serum [HCO3-]?
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Which compensatory mechanism occurs with increased serum bicarbonate levels?
Which compensatory mechanism occurs with increased serum bicarbonate levels?
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What condition is commonly associated with metabolic alkalosis due to chloride loss?
What condition is commonly associated with metabolic alkalosis due to chloride loss?
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Which drug is considered a potassium-sparing diuretic that can be used for primary hyperaldosteronism?
Which drug is considered a potassium-sparing diuretic that can be used for primary hyperaldosteronism?
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What can cause a decrease in ionized calcium after the administration of alkali?
What can cause a decrease in ionized calcium after the administration of alkali?
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Which syndrome is characterized by the need for potassium supplementation and is often linked to metabolic alkalosis?
Which syndrome is characterized by the need for potassium supplementation and is often linked to metabolic alkalosis?
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What is a potential consequence of administration of exogenous alkali such as NaHCO3?
What is a potential consequence of administration of exogenous alkali such as NaHCO3?
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What is the primary cause of hypoaldosteronism in the context described?
What is the primary cause of hypoaldosteronism in the context described?
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Which condition is characterized by the inability to acidify urine even after an acid load?
Which condition is characterized by the inability to acidify urine even after an acid load?
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What type of metabolic acidosis does a patient exhibit upon admission after the rave?
What type of metabolic acidosis does a patient exhibit upon admission after the rave?
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Which agent is associated with causing high anion gap metabolic acidosis initially?
Which agent is associated with causing high anion gap metabolic acidosis initially?
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What follows the initial high anion gap metabolic acidosis in the described patient?
What follows the initial high anion gap metabolic acidosis in the described patient?
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What condition is unlikely due to the presence of hyponatremia and hyperkalemia?
What condition is unlikely due to the presence of hyponatremia and hyperkalemia?
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How does hypokalemia result from the metabolism of toluene?
How does hypokalemia result from the metabolism of toluene?
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Which of the following drugs does NOT typically cause proximal renal tubular acidosis?
Which of the following drugs does NOT typically cause proximal renal tubular acidosis?
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Study Notes
Acid-Base Physiology Overview
- PCO2 and HCO3 levels are critical in determining acid-base balance.
- Expected changes in HCO3 correlate to changes in PCO2:
- Acute: Δ HCO3 = 0.1 Δ PCO2
- Chronic: Δ HCO3 = 0.4 Δ PCO2
- Blood gas calculations:
- Expected pCO2 = 1.5 x [HCO3] + 8 (±2)
- Alternate formula: Expected pCO2 = 0.7 [HCO3] + 20 (±5)
- Primary compensatory responses should align in direction and magnitude to the primary disturbance.
- Significant deviations from predicted pCO2 or HCO3 may indicate a secondary acid-base disorder.
Bicarbonate Adjustments
- Every 10 mmHg increase in PCO2 above 40 mmHg results in:
- Increase in HCO3 by 1 mmol/L (common) or 4 mmol/L (less common).
- Every 10 mmHg decrease in PCO2 below 40 mmHg results in:
- Decrease in HCO3 by 2 mmol/L (common) or 5 mmol/L (less common).
- Normal HCO3 is calculated as Expected [HCO3] = 24 + {(Actual PCO2 - 40) / 10}.
- A balance in bicarbonate is crucial for maintaining physiological pH levels.
Anion Gap and Osmolal Gap Calculations
- Anion gap (AG) = Difference between measured cations and anions in serum (normal values provided).
- Conditions such as renal failure, hyperlactatemia, and ketoacidosis influence AG readings.
- AG corrected = AG + 2.5 (4 - serum albumin) for accurate assessment.
- Osmolal gap calculation: Osm = 2 [Na+] + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8.
- A high osmolal gap (>10) signifies possible toxicity (MUD PILES: methanol, uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis, propylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, lactic acidosis, ethanol, salicylates).
Acid-Base Disorders and Metabolic Impacts
- Acidosis can result from various toxins (e.g., methanol, lactic acid).
- Conditions leading to decreased serum bicarbonate include:
- Loss of H+ or gain of HCO3; both lead to alkalemia.
- Possible causes: vomiting, diuretics, primary hyperaldosteronism, renal tubular acidosis.
- Base excess is the measure of bicarbonate in relation to pH; ranges indicate metabolic disorders:
- -2 to +2: No metabolic disturbance.
- < -2: Metabolic acidosis.
-
+2: Metabolic alkalosis.
Case Studies Highlighting Acid-Base Disorders
- Case 1: A 19-year-old female exhibited high AG metabolic acidosis post-party, shifting to hypokalemic hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis after 18 hours.
- Possible agent causing initial disorder: Toluene. It metabolizes to hippurate causing high AG, then leads to hypokalemic metabolic acidosis.
- Proximal renal tubular acidosis may occur with certain drugs (notably Ifosfamide, but others can induce it as well).
Treatment and Management of Disorders
- Corrective actions based on acid-base imbalances include electrolyte administration (e.g., NaCl) and potassium supplementation.
- Specific conditions, like primary hyperaldosteronism or syndromes (Bartter, Gitelman), require tailored diuretic therapy or mineralocorticoid antagonists.
- Monitoring and adjustment of bicarbonate levels critical in managing severe disturbances in acid-base equilibrium.
General Concepts in Acid-Base Chemistry
- Understand Henderson-Hasselbach equation for calculating pH based on bicarbonate and pCO2 levels.
- Importance of distinguishing between respiratory and metabolic contributions to acid-base imbalances.
- Recognize common clinical presentations of acid-base disorders for effective diagnosis and treatment strategies.
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Description
This quiz focuses on understanding the relationships between PCO2 and HCO3 levels in acute and chronic settings. Test your knowledge on the changes in these parameters and how they relate to acid-base imbalances. Gain insights into the physiological mechanisms behind these processes.
