Achievement Theory (David McClelland)

Maslow's theory suggests that people have basic needs which need to be met before moving on to higher needs, while McClelland focuses on three types of needs: achievement, power, and affiliation.

The need for achievement is the drive to succeed and excel in challenging situations.

The need for power is the desire to control and influence others.

Cultural and lifestyle factors are said to influence an individual's dominant need, such as upbringing or societal expectations.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory played a significant part in shaping McClelland's Achievement Theory.

Maslow's theory outlines a hierarchy of needs, stating that basic needs like food, water, and safety must be met before individuals can focus on higher needs like self-actualization.

Survival needs, such as food, water, and shelter, are seen as essential for basic survival and must be met before individuals can pursue higher-level needs.

Higher-level needs, such as esteem, love, and self-actualization, are considered more difficult to satisfy due to complex social and environmental factors.

Drive-reduction theory proposes that human behavior is primarily driven by the desire to reduce drives like hunger, thirst, and the need for warmth.

A drive is a state of arousal or discomfort triggered by physiological or biological needs, like feeling hungry or thirsty.

Higher needs are more psychological and long-lasting, whereas lower needs are physiological and temporary.

Interpersonal and environmental barriers, such as lack of support or challenging life circumstances, can make it harder for individuals to satisfy higher-level needs.

Drive-reduction theory is based on the concept of homeostasis, where the body constantly strives to maintain a state of balance and equilibrium.

Social persuasion, emotional states, vicarious experiences, and mastery experiences are the four main sources of influence on a person's belief in their efficacy, according to Bandura.

Self-determination theory emphasizes the individual's capacity to make choices and manage their own lives.

Self-efficacy refers to a person's belief in their ability to succeed in a specific situation.

Drive-reduction theory proposes that individuals seek out ways to satisfy their basic needs in order to reduce tension, like eating when hungry.

Self-determination implies feeling control and autonomy in making choices and pursuing goals.