Acetylcholine Pathway in Salivary Glands

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What stimulates the parietal cells to release acid during the gastric phase?

Gastrin (correct)
Histamine
Acetylcholine
Secretin

Which hormone is released by G cells in response to distension in the stomach?

Gastrin (correct)
Leptin
Ghrelin
Insulin

What is the role of stretch receptors in the stomach during the gastric phase?

Release pepsinogen
Activate the parietal cells
Detect partially digested peptides
Send signals to the brain (correct)

Which cells detect partially digested peptides and release gastrin during digestion?

G cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of gastrin in the gastric phase?

Stimulate HCl release from parietal cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the surface mucous cells in the cardiac/fundic regions of the stomach?

To secrete mucus and bicarbonate (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type in the gastric pit of the antrum acts as a stem cell?

The mucus neck cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the parietal cells in the stomach?

To secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the G cells in the gastric pit of the antrum?

Gastrin (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of the basal gastric secretion in the stomach?

Sodium, chloride, and potassium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pancreatic bicarbonate production in the GI system?

To neutralize stomach acid (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone controls the speed of smooth muscle contractions in the GI system?

Gastrin (D) Signup and view all the answers

During the intestinal phase of digestion, which of the following effects is observed?

Slowed gastric emptying (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the stomach in the GI system?

Sterilize food (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do nerves and hormones influence the processes in the GI system?

By controlling the speed of contractions, secretions, and absorption (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of the pancreas in relation to the stomach?

To neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in stimulating salivary gland secretion?

Norepinephrine (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the intrinsic factor secreted by the stomach?

To facilitate vitamin B12 absorption in the intestine (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the stomach is responsible for mechanical digestion?

All regions contribute to mechanical digestion (C) Signup and view all the answers

During the intestinal phase of digestion, what happens after the chyme leaves the stomach?

Pancreatic enzymes further break down proteins and fats (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of parietal cells in the stomach?

To secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach lumen (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do parietal cells overcome the proton (H+) gradient between the plasma and stomach lumen?

By using a K+/H+ exchanger on the apical surface (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) produced during HCl secretion by parietal cells?

They are transported into the bloodstream via a HCO3-/Cl- exchanger (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) in parietal cells?

To catalyze the conversion of CO2 and H2O into H2CO3 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria (B) Signup and view all the answers