Accommodation Theory in Language Learning
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Questions and Answers

What do speakers tend to do when talking to L2 learners who are not fluent?

  • Avoid conversations
  • Simplify their language (correct)
  • Use complex grammar and vocabulary
  • Speak in their native language

    • What is the primary role of input in Krashen's Monitor Model?

  • To stimulate language production
  • To provide sufficient stimulus for language acquisition (correct)
  • To support linguistic and cognitive processes
  • To provide comprehensible feedback

    • According to the IP framework, what is essential for language processing?

  • Unattended input
  • Grammar correction
  • Attended input (correct)
  • Feedback from the interlocutor

    • What do social approaches consider essential for language acquisition?

    <p>Input from various sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the psychological and social approaches?

    <p>Emphasis on input vs. interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do followers of behaviorist learning theories consider essential for language acquisition?

    <p>Feedback and imitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of interaction in language acquisition?

    <p>To support the development of advanced L2 proficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do some researchers within the social approaches argue about the role of input?

    <p>Input is essential for language acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do some researchers within the social approaches consider necessary for the development of advanced L2 proficiency?

    <p>Interaction and comprehensible input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Krashen's Monitor Model?

    <p>The role of input in language acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of identifying errors in learner language samples?

    <p>To understand the processes of second language acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinction that Corder makes between errors and mistakes?

    <p>Errors result from lack of L2 knowledge, while mistakes result from processing failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are intralingual errors generally attributed to?

    <p>Incomplete learning of L2 rules or overgeneralization of them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of classifying errors according to language level or linguistic category?

    <p>To analyze the patterns of errors and understand the learner's language development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are interlingual errors typically caused by?

    <p>Negative transfer or interference from L1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of explaining errors in learner language?

    <p>To understand the processes of second language acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of language involves the study of speech sounds that make a difference in meaning?

    <p>Phonology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which linguistic component examines the parts of words that have meaning?

    <p>Morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of language deals with the arrangement of words to convey meaning?

    <p>Syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of language involves the study of nonverbal cues like facial expressions and gestures?

    <p>Nonverbal structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of language examines how sentences are connected to form coherent texts?

    <p>Discourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acquired automatically by children without conscious effort?

    <p>L1 knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of attention in the Information Processing approach to language learning?

    <p>To select relevant input for linguistic processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of learners' gradual reorganization of their language system?

    <p>Systemic restructuring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of language development that is exemplified by the U-shaped development pattern?

    <p>Partially discontinuous plane with regular systemic reorganization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of intake in the Information Processing approach to language learning?

    <p>The input that learners notice and process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the example of 'feet' in the context of language development?

    <p>It demonstrates the process of systemic restructuring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between input and intake in the Information Processing approach to language learning?

    <p>Input is the language that learners are exposed to, while intake is the noticed and processed input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation behind Instrumental motivation?

    <p>Perception of practical value in learning the L2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between Deductive and Inductive processing?

    <p>Inductive processing involves applying rules to interpret input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common categorization of cognitive styles?

    <p>As pairs of traits on opposite ends of a continuum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of research on personality in SLA?

    <p>Exploring the role of personality in language acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between Integrative and Instrumental motivation?

    <p>Instrumental motivation is driven by practical value, while Integrative motivation is driven by interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Deductive and Inductive processing?

    <p>Deductive and Inductive processing are complementary processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of variation in learners' language is of particular interest from a linguistic and psychological perspective?

    <p>Variation that occurs in learners' language as they develop increasing competence over a period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of research based on the framework of Accommodation Theory?

    <p>The effect of microsocial contexts on language production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What corresponds to informal-formal features associated with linguistic register?

    <p>Variation that occurs in different contexts at a single point in time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do microsocial contexts include?

    <p>Level of formality and participants' relationship to one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of variation is of more interest from a social perspective?

    <p>Variation that occurs in different contexts at a single point in time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the linguistic term for the style of language used in a particular social context?

    <p>Linguistic register</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Integrative motivation is based on interest in learning L2 because of a desire to learn about or associate with the ______ who use it

    <p>people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Instrumental motivation involves perception of purely practical value in learning the L2, such as increasing ______ or business opportunities

    <p>occupational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive style refers to individuals' preferred way of ______ information

    <p>processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deductive (or “top-down”) processing begins with a prediction or rule and then applies it to interpret particular ______ of input

    <p>instances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inductive (or “bottom-up”) processing begins with examining ______ to discover some pattern and then formulates a generalization or rule

    <p>input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Speculation and research in SLA has included the following factors, also often characterized as endpoints on ______, as shown in Table 4.5

    <p>continua</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linguistic and psychological perspectives are interested in variation that occurs in learners' language as they develop increasing ______ over a period of time.

    <p>competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Variation that occurs in different contexts at a single point in time is of more interest from a ______ perspective.

    <p>social</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A substantial amount of research on the effect of microsocial contexts has been based on the framework of ______ Theory.

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microsocial contexts include features of situation and interaction, such as level of ______ and participants' relationship to one another.

    <p>formality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Variation that occurs in learners' language as they develop increasing competence over a period of time is a ______ continuum.

    <p>developmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Variation that occurs in different contexts at a single point in time corresponds to informal-formal features associated with ______ register.

    <p>linguistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Absence of errors may result from learners’ avoidance of difficult ______,

    <p>structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some L2 teachers attribute the variation in student errors to the ______ of students’ prior L2 learning experiences:

    <p>natures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An ______ has the following characteristics/assumptions: Systematic.

    <p>interlanguage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The IL is governed by rules which constitute the learner’s internal ______.

    <p>grammar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The goal is to place emphasis on the IL itself as a third ______ system in its own right which differs from both L1 and L2 during the course of its development.

    <p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The intermediate states (or interim ______) of a learner’s language as it moves toward the target L2.

    <p>grammars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A common intrapersonal activity that is closely related to private speech is “private ______” in which individuals record language forms and other meaningful symbols on paper.

    <p>writing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linguistic, psychological, and social perspectives on SLA address the ______ questions.

    <p>what, how, and why</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What exactly does the L2 learner come to ______?

    <p>know</p> Signup and view all the answers

    We would not consider the final state of L2 development to be completely ______.

    <p>native</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implications for L2 ______ and teaching do our findings about SLA suggest?

    <p>learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linguistic, psychological, and social perspectives on SLA all address these basic ______ questions.

    <p>what, how, and why</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The claimed distinction between ______ and acquisition are vague and imprecise.

    <p>learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Development of L2 involves progression through a dynamic ______ system which differs from both L1 and L2 in significant respects.

    <p>interlanguage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why some learners are more (or less) successful in SLA than others relates primarily to the ______ of the learner.

    <p>age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is being acquired in SLA is a “______-governed” language system.

    <p>rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The final state of L2 typically differs (more or less) from the native speakers’ ______ system.

    <p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How SLA takes place involves creative ______ processes.

    <p>mental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phonemic coding ability is the capacity to process ______ input into segments which can be stored and retrieved.

    <p>auditory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inductive language-learning ability accounts for further processing of the segmented ______ input by the brain to infer structure, identify patterns, make generalizations.

    <p>auditory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Grammatical sensitivity accounts for further processing of the segmented ______ input by the brain to recognize the grammatical function of elements, and formulate rules.

    <p>auditory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Associative memory capacity is importantly concerned with how ______ items are stored, and with how they are recalled and used in output.

    <p>linguistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motivation is usually conceived as a construct which includes at least the following components: Significant goal or need, Desire to attain the goal, Perception that learning ______ is relevant to fulfilling the goal or meeting the need.

    <p>L2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most widely recognized types of motivation are ______ and instrumental.

    <p>integrative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Error Analysis focuses on learners' creative ability to construct ______.

    <p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The goal of Error Analysis is to describe and analyse ______ learner errors in L2.

    <p>actual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Error Analysis, errors are ______ into the language learner's mind.

    <p>windows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The procedure for analysing learner errors in Error Analysis involves the collection of a ______ of learner language.

    <p>sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Error Analysis assumes that errors provide evidence of the system of ______ which a learner is using at any particular point in the course of L2 development.

    <p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Error Analysis views errors as a sign that the learner is (perhaps unconsciously) ______ the new system rather than just experiencing “interference” from old habits.

    <p>exploring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To acquire language, learners must know how to categorize objects and events and express experiences in a different ______.

    <p>ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From a social perspective, linguistic competence involves understanding one's own role and ______ roles as members of communities.

    <p>others'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linguistic competence from a social perspective involves not only language itself but also ______ knowledge embedded in the language.

    <p>social and cultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When we talk about what is being acquired in SLA, it is not enough to talk about the ______ itself.

    <p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In SLA, learners must acquire the language and the ______ knowledge embedded in it.

    <p>social and cultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The social context of SLA involves understanding one's own role and others' roles as members of communities with ______ bounds.

    <p>sociopolitical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One important context for symbolic mediation is such interpersonal interaction between learners and ______.

    <p>experts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to S-C Theory, mental functions that are beyond an individual's current level must be performed in collaboration with other people before they are achieved ______.

    <p>independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This type of mediation also occurs when teachers collaborate in constructing language by providing help to a student when performing a ______.

    <p>task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to interpersonal interaction, S-C Theory requires consideration of ______ interaction: i.e. communication that occurs within an individual's own mind.

    <p>intrapersonal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This is viewed by Vygotsky as a ______ phenomenon.

    <p>sociocultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One way in which others help the learner in language development is through ______.

    <p>scaffolding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Corrective feedback is common in L2 and may indeed be necessary for most learners to ultimately reach native-like levels of ______ proficiency.

    <p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative feedback to L2 learners may be in the form of direct correction, including explicit statements like ______ is the wrong word;

    <p>that</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intake is a crucial concept in the Information Processing approach to language learning, emphasizing that language input may “go in one ear and out the other,” and it contributes to acquisition only if it is “let in” to the mind for ______ processing.

    <p>cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Feedback from NSs makes NNSs aware that their usage is not acceptable in some way, and which provides a model for ______ correctness.

    <p>native</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Or the negative feedback may come as indirect correction, which may include several interactional modification forms related to ______ of grammar and usage.

    <p>points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language acquisition is enhanced by feedback from NSs which provides a model for correctness, and which makes NNSs aware that their usage is not acceptable in some ______.

    <p>way</p> Signup and view all the answers

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