Accommodation Theory in Language Learning

What do speakers tend to do when talking to L2 learners who are not fluent?

What is the primary role of input in Krashen's Monitor Model?

According to the IP framework, what is essential for language processing?

What do social approaches consider essential for language acquisition?

What is the main difference between the psychological and social approaches?

What do followers of behaviorist learning theories consider essential for language acquisition?

What is the primary role of interaction in language acquisition?

What do some researchers within the social approaches argue about the role of input?

What do some researchers within the social approaches consider necessary for the development of advanced L2 proficiency?

What is the main focus of Krashen's Monitor Model?

What is the primary purpose of identifying errors in learner language samples?

What is the distinction that Corder makes between errors and mistakes?

What are intralingual errors generally attributed to?

What is the purpose of classifying errors according to language level or linguistic category?

What are interlingual errors typically caused by?

What is the ultimate goal of explaining errors in learner language?

What aspect of language involves the study of speech sounds that make a difference in meaning?

Which linguistic component examines the parts of words that have meaning?

What aspect of language deals with the arrangement of words to convey meaning?

Which component of language involves the study of nonverbal cues like facial expressions and gestures?

What aspect of language examines how sentences are connected to form coherent texts?

What is acquired automatically by children without conscious effort?

What is the primary function of attention in the Information Processing approach to language learning?

What is the term used to describe the process of learners' gradual reorganization of their language system?

What is the characteristic of language development that is exemplified by the U-shaped development pattern?

What is the role of intake in the Information Processing approach to language learning?

What is the significance of the example of 'feet' in the context of language development?

What is the relationship between input and intake in the Information Processing approach to language learning?

What is the primary motivation behind Instrumental motivation?

What is the primary distinction between Deductive and Inductive processing?

What is the common categorization of cognitive styles?

What is the primary focus of research on personality in SLA?

What is the primary distinction between Integrative and Instrumental motivation?

What is the relationship between Deductive and Inductive processing?

What type of variation in learners' language is of particular interest from a linguistic and psychological perspective?

What is the primary focus of research based on the framework of Accommodation Theory?

What corresponds to informal-formal features associated with linguistic register?

What do microsocial contexts include?

What type of variation is of more interest from a social perspective?

What is the linguistic term for the style of language used in a particular social context?

Integrative motivation is based on interest in learning L2 because of a desire to learn about or associate with the ______ who use it

Instrumental motivation involves perception of purely practical value in learning the L2, such as increasing ______ or business opportunities

Cognitive style refers to individuals' preferred way of ______ information

Deductive (or “top-down”) processing begins with a prediction or rule and then applies it to interpret particular ______ of input

Inductive (or “bottom-up”) processing begins with examining ______ to discover some pattern and then formulates a generalization or rule

Speculation and research in SLA has included the following factors, also often characterized as endpoints on ______, as shown in Table 4.5

Linguistic and psychological perspectives are interested in variation that occurs in learners' language as they develop increasing ______ over a period of time.

Variation that occurs in different contexts at a single point in time is of more interest from a ______ perspective.

A substantial amount of research on the effect of microsocial contexts has been based on the framework of ______ Theory.

Microsocial contexts include features of situation and interaction, such as level of ______ and participants' relationship to one another.

Variation that occurs in learners' language as they develop increasing competence over a period of time is a ______ continuum.

Variation that occurs in different contexts at a single point in time corresponds to informal-formal features associated with ______ register.

Absence of errors may result from learners’ avoidance of difficult ______,

Some L2 teachers attribute the variation in student errors to the ______ of students’ prior L2 learning experiences:

An ______ has the following characteristics/assumptions: Systematic.

The IL is governed by rules which constitute the learner’s internal ______.

The goal is to place emphasis on the IL itself as a third ______ system in its own right which differs from both L1 and L2 during the course of its development.

The intermediate states (or interim ______) of a learner’s language as it moves toward the target L2.

A common intrapersonal activity that is closely related to private speech is “private ______” in which individuals record language forms and other meaningful symbols on paper.

Linguistic, psychological, and social perspectives on SLA address the ______ questions.

What exactly does the L2 learner come to ______?

We would not consider the final state of L2 development to be completely ______.

What implications for L2 ______ and teaching do our findings about SLA suggest?

Linguistic, psychological, and social perspectives on SLA all address these basic ______ questions.

The claimed distinction between ______ and acquisition are vague and imprecise.

Development of L2 involves progression through a dynamic ______ system which differs from both L1 and L2 in significant respects.

Why some learners are more (or less) successful in SLA than others relates primarily to the ______ of the learner.

What is being acquired in SLA is a “______-governed” language system.

The final state of L2 typically differs (more or less) from the native speakers’ ______ system.

How SLA takes place involves creative ______ processes.

Phonemic coding ability is the capacity to process ______ input into segments which can be stored and retrieved.

Inductive language-learning ability accounts for further processing of the segmented ______ input by the brain to infer structure, identify patterns, make generalizations.

Grammatical sensitivity accounts for further processing of the segmented ______ input by the brain to recognize the grammatical function of elements, and formulate rules.

Associative memory capacity is importantly concerned with how ______ items are stored, and with how they are recalled and used in output.

Motivation is usually conceived as a construct which includes at least the following components: Significant goal or need, Desire to attain the goal, Perception that learning ______ is relevant to fulfilling the goal or meeting the need.

The most widely recognized types of motivation are ______ and instrumental.

Error Analysis focuses on learners' creative ability to construct ______.

The goal of Error Analysis is to describe and analyse ______ learner errors in L2.

According to Error Analysis, errors are ______ into the language learner's mind.

The procedure for analysing learner errors in Error Analysis involves the collection of a ______ of learner language.

Error Analysis assumes that errors provide evidence of the system of ______ which a learner is using at any particular point in the course of L2 development.

Error Analysis views errors as a sign that the learner is (perhaps unconsciously) ______ the new system rather than just experiencing “interference” from old habits.

To acquire language, learners must know how to categorize objects and events and express experiences in a different ______.

From a social perspective, linguistic competence involves understanding one's own role and ______ roles as members of communities.

Linguistic competence from a social perspective involves not only language itself but also ______ knowledge embedded in the language.

When we talk about what is being acquired in SLA, it is not enough to talk about the ______ itself.

In SLA, learners must acquire the language and the ______ knowledge embedded in it.

The social context of SLA involves understanding one's own role and others' roles as members of communities with ______ bounds.

One important context for symbolic mediation is such interpersonal interaction between learners and ______.

According to S-C Theory, mental functions that are beyond an individual's current level must be performed in collaboration with other people before they are achieved ______.

This type of mediation also occurs when teachers collaborate in constructing language by providing help to a student when performing a ______.

In addition to interpersonal interaction, S-C Theory requires consideration of ______ interaction: i.e. communication that occurs within an individual's own mind.

This is viewed by Vygotsky as a ______ phenomenon.

One way in which others help the learner in language development is through ______.

Corrective feedback is common in L2 and may indeed be necessary for most learners to ultimately reach native-like levels of ______ proficiency.

Negative feedback to L2 learners may be in the form of direct correction, including explicit statements like ______ is the wrong word;

Intake is a crucial concept in the Information Processing approach to language learning, emphasizing that language input may “go in one ear and out the other,” and it contributes to acquisition only if it is “let in” to the mind for ______ processing.

Feedback from NSs makes NNSs aware that their usage is not acceptable in some way, and which provides a model for ______ correctness.

Or the negative feedback may come as indirect correction, which may include several interactional modification forms related to ______ of grammar and usage.

Language acquisition is enhanced by feedback from NSs which provides a model for correctness, and which makes NNSs aware that their usage is not acceptable in some ______.