Accident Investigation and Safety Management
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of accidents, according to Heinrich's domino theory, are caused by unsafe acts?

  • 50%
  • 2%
  • 10%
  • 88% (correct)

    • Which hazard analysis technique involves a deductive 'top-down' approach?

  • Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA) (correct)
  • Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
  • Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP)
  • Event Tree Analysis (ETA)

    • What does the Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT) identify?

  • Compliance with safety regulations
  • Individual accidents and near misses
  • Operational successes in the system
  • Total risk inherent in the system (correct)

    • Which method evaluates hypothetical situations and their consequences informally?

    <p>What-if analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of accident analysis, what does the term 'catastrophic' classify?

    <p>Severe incidents leading to significant damage or loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary causes of bodily reactions?

    <p>Free movement and poor body positioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the System Causation Theory?

    <p>Fixing the system rather than assigning blame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT part of the accident investigation process?

    <p>Conducting financial audits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the OSHA Form 300?

    <p>To classify work-related injuries and illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does workers' compensation function regarding recordability and compensability?

    <p>Recordable cases are not always compensable, and vice versa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an injury or illness as work-related?

    <p>It is caused or aggravated by the work environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many competent persons should investigate an accident?

    <p>At least two competent persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)?

    <p>To identify potentially hazardous components during the design phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which analysis technique uses a deductive 'top-down' approach?

    <p>Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT) help to identify?

    <p>Total risk from operational and management inadequacies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of safety management, what do the 3 'E's stand for?

    <p>Engineering, Education, Enforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of Series Reliability?

    <p>Failure of any component leads to system failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the probability of machine A producing a defect calculated?

    <p>$0.25 imes 0.05 = 1.25$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of Event Tree Analysis (ETA)?

    <p>To evaluate the consequences of an initiating event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique focuses on identifying physical and functional incompatibilities?

    <p>Systems Hazard Analysis (SHA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does Conflict Theory address in management?

    <p>Shared decisions among team members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential element of Fishbone analysis?

    <p>Identification of six Ms: manpower, methods, metrics, machines, materials, minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which management style allows employees to participate in decision-making while also closely supervising them?

    <p>Directive Democrat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Heinrich's Domino Theory, what is the first step that can lead to an accident?

    <p>Unsafe act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major element of an effective health and safety program?

    <p>Budgeting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Human Factors Theory in accident causation?

    <p>Human error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following theories emphasizes the relationship between man, machine systems, and surroundings?

    <p>Systems Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the three basic methods used to conduct health and safety program audits?

    <p>Site conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What right do employees have regarding their health and safety records?

    <p>Right to access their medical and exposure records</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section is NOT part of ANSI Z 10 standards?

    <p>Employee Accountability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the Permissive Democrat management style?

    <p>Gives subordinates some latitude while involving them in decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the bathtub curve illustrate?

    <p>The typical failure rate of a product over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula correctly represents Series Reliability?

    <p>R = R1 × R2 × … × Rn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Argyris' perspective on employee treatment?

    <p>Employees should be treated purely as adults to ensure productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not part of Heinrich's 3 'E's of safety?

    <p>Environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended span of control for a manager?

    <p>1 supervisor per 5 direct reports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category describes a failure impact that can lead to significant harm or loss?

    <p>Catastrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a traditional measurement of safety performance?

    <p>TCIRs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is not included in an effective accountability system?

    <p>Rewards system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the SMART acronym stand for in goal setting?

    <p>Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic/Relevant, Time-bound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory addresses the desire for independence among mature workers?

    <p>Incongruence theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Types of Bodily Reactions

    • Bodily reactions can be caused by stress from body movement or unusual positions.
    • Overexposure to harmful energy, lack of energy, or substances can lead to injury.

    System Causation Theory

    • Focus on fixing the system, not assigning blame for accidents.
    • Discipline is inappropriate if the safety management system fails employees.

    Accident Investigation

    • Accident investigations aim to determine facts, not assign blame.
    • A seven-step process includes:
      • Securing the accident scene
      • Documenting the accident scene
      • Conducting interviews
      • Analyzing events to determine root cause
      • Determining solutions, and writing a report.

    Characteristics of Accident Investigation

    • At least two trained investigators are needed.
    • Investigators should understand procedures and techniques.
    • Reports must address root causes of accidents, recommend solutions to fix hazardous conditions and unsafe work practices.

    OSHA Recordkeeping

    • OSHA Form 300 classifies work-related injuries and illnesses, noting severity.
    • OSHA recordkeeping uniformly collects, compiles, and analyzes nationwide work-related injury and illness data.
    • Employers maintain a separate OSHA 300 Log for each establishment operating for one year or longer.
    • OSHA Form 300A summarizes work-related injuries and illnesses.

    Workers' Compensation

    • Workers' compensation provides medical coverage and compensation for workers injured or killed at work.

    Injury and Illness Reporting

    • An injury or illness is considered work-related if a work-related event caused or significantly aggravated the condition.
    • Employers must determine if the workplace caused, contributed to, or significantly aggravated the injury or illness.

    Safety Culture

    • Safety culture includes an organization's attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, values, and ways of doing things.

    Management Styles

    • Directive Democrat: allows participation in decision making but closely supervises employees.
    • Directive Autocrat: makes decisions unilaterally and closely supervises employees.
    • Permissive Democrat: allows employee participation in decision-making and provides flexibility to employees in carrying out their work assignments.

    Accident Theories

    • Heinrich's Domino Theory: accidents result from a series of related events.
    • Human Factors Theory: accidents are largely the result of human error.
    • Systems Theory: Accidents occur due to complex interactions between people, machines, and the environment.
    • Energy Release Theory: accidents involve large energy transfers at high rates.
    • Combination Theory: Accidents are a result of a combination of many factors.

    Health and Safety Program Audits

    • Document review/verification, employee interviews, and site conditions are used in auditing processes.
    • Effective health and safety programs include management commitment, employee involvement, worksite analysis, hazard prevention and control, and health and safety training.

    ANSI Standards

    • ANSI standards are developed considering those impacted by the standards.
    • The seven sections of Z 10 include: Management Leadership, Employee Participation, Planning, Implementation and Operation, Evaluation, Corrective Action, and Management Review.

    Employee Rights and Responsibilities

    • Employees have the right to access medical records and exposure records.
    • Employees are responsible to read the OSHA poster, follow safety rules, and wear required equipment.
    • Employees should report hazardous conditions to their supervisor or safety committee, or OSHA if the employer doesn't fix the issue.
    • Employees have the right to a safe and healthy workplace.

    OSHA Inspections and Process

    • Employers should be advised of the reason for an inspection, accompany the compliance officer through the inspection, and ensure confidentiality of trade secrets.
    • Priorities for OSHA inspections include imminent danger situations, catastrophic accidents, employee complaints, and programmed high-hazard inspections and follow-up inspections.

    OSHA Citations

    • Citations are sent via certified mail and must be posted for three days or until the violation is corrected.
    • OSHA recordkeeping regulations require employers to maintain records of work-related injuries, illnesses, and fatalities.

    Liability and Records

    • Manufacturers and sellers can minimize liability by defending in court, correctly designing, manufacturing, or packaging their product, and preventing lawsuits.
    • Records and reports include incident reports, training records, exposures, and condition records, and equipment testing and maintenance records.

    Job Safety Analysis and Risk Assessment

    • Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is used to identify and assess job hazards.
    • JSA prescribes controls for each hazard identified.
    • Gross Hazard Analysis, an initial hazard assessment.
    • The bathtub curve illustrates the typical failure rate of a product over time.

    Probability and Statistics

    • Probability of the entire system.
    • Probability of failure.
    • Series Reliability formula (R= R1 x R2 x ....x Rn)
    • Parallel Reliability formula (Rsystem = 1 − {(1−R1)(1−R2)...(1−Rn)})

    Human Behavior and Error

    • Employees' behaviors may affect their safety and others'.
    • Human factors such as workplace pressure, conflicts, and lack of training lead to errors.
    • Accidents are caused by a combination of factors.

    Span of Control

    • The number of employees reporting to a manager needs to be limited.

    Classifying Failure Impacts

    • Catastrophic, Critical, Marginal, Negligible.

    Health and Safety Performance

    • Elements for an effective accountability system include established standards, resources, etc.
    • Traditional measurements of safety performance (TCIRs and DARTs) are limited.
    • Effective health and safety goals and objectives should adhere to the SMART criteria (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-bound).

    OSHA Overview

    • OSHA's responsibilities include encouraging safety improvements, providing research, and establishing separate but dependent responsibilities for employers and employees.
    • OSHA maintains a reporting/record-keeping system for tracking job-related injuries and illnesses.

    OSHA Regulations

    • OSHA regulations do not apply to public sector employers (municipal, county, state, or federal government agencies), self-employed individuals, or family members or farm operations, or domestic household workers.

    Employer Rights and Responsibilities

    • Examine workplaces for conditions that violate standards.
    • Use warning systems and minimize the risk of hazardous conditions.
    • Employers are required to train employees as needed on safety requirements.

    OSHA Recordkeeping System

    • Includes the use of OSHA Form 300 to classify work-related injuries and illnesses.
    • Companies with 10 or fewer employees are not required to keep records unless reported by OSHA.
    • Data is used for inspection targeting, performance measurement, standards development, resource allocation, VPP eligibility.

    Workers' Compensation

    • Intended to provide medical coverage and compensation in case of worker injury or death.
    • There are two types of compensation laws: compulsory and elective.

    Behavior Theory (Behavior-Based Safety)

    • Behavior-based safety focuses on identifying internal factors to motivate employees to be safe and follow safety standards.
    • Techniques include employee surveys and accident investigations to identify factors.

    Cost-Benefit Analysis

    • Determining the return on investment of safety training/procedures.
    • ROI formula is defined.
    • Payback period formula.

    Insurance and Liability

    • Self-insured companies must create reserves in case of claims.
    • Workers' compensation insurance premiums are based on payroll.
    • Employees can sue manufacturers or other parties for injuries related to products.

    Charts and Graphs

    • PERT charts show tasks, relationships, and progress of projects.
    • Other types of charts, such as line graphs/diagrams can be used to represent various safety data graphically.

    Hazard Analysis Techniques

    • Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) and Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP), are used to identify potential hazards.
    • Preliminary Hazardous Analysis (PHA) is a study used in early stages of design/project.
    • Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP) identify deviations/problems in design.

    System Analysis Techniques

    • System Hazard Analysis (SHA), Critical Incident Techniques (CIT), and Event Tree Analysis (ETA).
    • Analyzing and identifying physical and functional incompatibilities for interconnected elements in systems (SHA).
    • Conducting interviews for accident reporting or near misses (CIT).
    • Tracing event consequences (ETA) in a forward analysis using initiating events.

    Safety Management

    • Conflict theory, incongruence theory, leadership models such as Drucker's MBO model are important in safety performance.
    • Span of control (number of employees reporting to one manager).

    Reliability and Fault Tolerance

    • Series Reliability: R = R1 × R2 × ...× Rn (failure of one element causes failure of the entire system).
    • Parallel Reliability: Rsystem = 1 − {(1 – R1)(1 – R2)...(1 – Rn)} (failure of one element does not always cause the system's failure)

    Probability and Statistics

    • Probabilities of defects and equipment failures, as well as rates of occurrence for incidents or accidents, can be statistically determined.

    Accident Analysis

    • Domino Theory: examines the chain of related events leading to accidents.
    • Heinrich's Domino Theory (88%: Unsafe Acts, 10%: Unsafe Conditions, 2%: Unavoidable):
    • Multiple Cause Theory: accidents are caused by a combination of random factors.

    Classification and Measurement

    • Categories of failure impacts (catastrophic, critical, marginal, negligible).
    • Likert scale and attitude preference/subjective reactions.

    Change Analysis (Management of Change)

    • Best practice for ensuring safety, health, and environmental risks are controlled when making changes in work practices.

    Accident Analysis

    • Identifying surface causes that may indicate root causes.
    • The Domino theory and Heinrich’s model can be incorporated in accident analysis.

    Communication Styles

    • Identifying different types of communication (e.g., passive, aggressive, assertive/effective).

    Contingency Planning

    • Process/strategies for creating/implementing/analyzing plans to minimize disruption during emergencies or potentially hazardous or disruptive occurrences.

    Management Theories

    • Likert's Theory: participation in management at multiple levels.
    • BHR Theory: worker productivity and supervisor control are inversely proportional.
    • Deming's Cycle and Drucker's MBO (Management by Objectives) are also included.

    OSHA Regulations

    • OSHA 300 Log and 300A are for recording work-related injuries and illnesses (5 years).
    • The use of OSHA Form 301 or an equivalent to report injury events is required within 7 days (calendar) of the incident.
    • Tort, exclusive remedy, and no-fault concept related to workers' compensation and safety issues are part of the regulations.

    Workers' Compensation

    • Two types of workers' compensation laws exist: compulsory and elective.
    • Workers' compensation laws are designed to replace lost income, provide treatment, and reduce accidents/injuries related to work activities.

    Hazard Analysis

    • Understanding hazard analysis techniques like JHA/JSA, HAZOP, PHA, and FHA; and their application to evaluate and control hazards.
    • Analyzing data through techniques like event tree analysis, cause-and-effect diagrams, and Critical Incident Techniques.

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    Related Documents

    OSHA 201 Note PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the types of bodily reactions related to workplace safety and the systematic approach to accident investigations. It emphasizes the process of identifying root causes and ensuring a safe work environment. Test your knowledge about effective safety management practices and accident investigation techniques.

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