ABO Blood Group Quiz

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What may result in weak expression of ABO antigens?

Transfusion of identical group cells
Cis-AB genotype (correct)
Presence of D antigen
Type O blood

How can excessive amounts of soluble A and/or B antigens in plasma affect blood testing?

Enhance agglutination reaction
Increase intensity of colorimetric assays
Prevent hemolysis in transfusions
Cause a false-negative reaction (correct)

What method can enhance the detection of weak ABO antigens?

Using aged cells for testing
Increased sample volume
Extended incubation times (correct)
Reducing reactant concentrations

What is mixed field agglutination often caused by?

Transfusion with non-ABO identical cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to avoid intravascular hemolysis during emergency transfusions?

Only transfuse group O red blood cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can cause mixed-field agglutination after a bone marrow transplantation?

Nonidentical donor cell populations (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon occurs when two distinct populations of cells are present due to fertilization?

Mosaicism (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one proposed cause of mixed-field agglutination in patients over their lifetime?

Chimerism from fraternal twin blood exchange (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated when a patient has a hemolytic transfusion reaction with no found antibodies in their plasma?

Polyagglutinating cells may be involved. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of polyagglutination is typically acquired through bacterial infections?

Bacterially acquired (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the origin of the acquired B antigen in some patients?

Modification by enzymes from enteric bacteria. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How are polyagglutinating cells classified?

Using a panel of lectins with different cryptantigen specificities. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of B(A) phenotype in blood group testing?

It results from a minor mutation in the B enzyme. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of enzyme treatment in the context of ABO antibody testing?

To enhance a weakly reactive ABO antibody (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is NOT mentioned as an agent used for enzyme treatment?

Pepsin (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can cause unexpected positive reactions in the forward group?

Contamination with Wharton's jelly (B) Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to resolve discrepancies caused by Wharton's jelly?

Wash cells multiple times in warm saline (D) Signup and view all the answers

What condition may cause red blood cells to agglutinate with all plasma due to exposure of hidden antigens?

Polyagglutination (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances can potentially cause rouleaux during ABO testing?

Hyaluronic acid (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can lead to nonspecific agglutination if the testing is performed using unwashed cells?

Cold autoagglutinins (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cryptantigens in the context of unexpected reactions in blood typing?

Exposure can cause agglutination with all plasma (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of checking the patient's age when there is a missing reaction in the reverse group?

To establish whether to rely on the reverse group for ABO interpretation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT mentioned as a reason for decreased ABO antibody production?

Hypertension (D) Signup and view all the answers

What action is recommended if a patient has recently undergone therapeutic plasma exchange therapy?

Consider the possibility of diluted ABO antibodies (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of resolving ABO discrepancies, what temperature is suggested for incubating the reverse group to potentially enhance antibody detection?

Room temperature or higher (C) Signup and view all the answers

When might the forward grouping be deemed sufficient for determining ABO blood type?

In patients younger than 4 months (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which group of patients is likely to exhibit decreased antibody concentration due to aging?

Elderly patients (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the methods to enhance a weak reaction in tube testing for ABO grouping?

Increase the serum/cell ratio (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about IgM antibodies is correct?

They are cold-reactive antibodies (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cold autoantibodies can interfere with ABO testing?

Anti-I, anti-H, anti-IH (A) Signup and view all the answers

What technique can help neutralize cold-reactive antibodies during ABO testing?

Prewarming the plasma and cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using reverse grouping when performing ABO tests?

To identify interfering antibodies (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may result in rouleaux formation during blood testing?

Multiple myeloma and Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which technique can be used to distinguish true agglutination from rouleaux?

Saline replacement technique (B) Signup and view all the answers

What should a laboratory do first when a discrepancy is discovered in the testing results?

Repeat the testing to rule out technical error (B) Signup and view all the answers

What can be a sign of contamination in a reagent?

Cloudiness or changes in color (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice when handling an ABO discrepancy?

Ignore historical results as they are not relevant (A) Signup and view all the answers

What might a decrease in the strength of a reaction over time suggest?

Potential contamination or expiration of the reagent (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the case of an ABO discrepancy between current and historical results, what might this indicate?

There may be a clerical error or labeling issue (D) Signup and view all the answers

Weak ABO expression

Reduced presence of ABO antigens on red blood cells, due to rare genotypes or certain diseases like leukemia.

False-negative reaction (ABO)

A result that incorrectly indicates the absence of an ABO antigen, often due to the presence of soluble antigens in the patient's plasma.

Washed cells (blood testing)

Blood cells that have been washed to remove soluble antigens, to prevent false negative results.

Mixed-field agglutination

Agglutination pattern showing two different blood cell populations in a blood sample, often due to non-ABO related transfusions.