Abnormal Psychology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What best describes the cognitive model proposed by Beck in relation to major depression?

Suggests that life events are the primary cause of depression

Emphasizes negative schemas and cognitive distortions (correct)

Focuses solely on genetic contributions to depression

Highlights the role of serotonin and dopamine

Which statement about Bipolar I Disorder is accurate?

It is characterized by experiencing only hypomanic episodes.

It is primarily defined by depressive episodes.

It involves multiple personality changes.

It includes the experience of at least one manic episode. (correct)

Which of the following factors is associated with an increased risk of suicide?

Effective coping mechanisms

Strong social support

High self-esteem

Current planning or ideation (correct)

What biological factor has the highest heritability associated with bipolar disorders?

Genetic factors with a heritability of up to 85% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Emotional blunting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a characteristic feature of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

Uncontrollable worry about multiple minor topics Signup and view all the answers

What criticism is associated with the DSM-5-TR regarding the classification of mental disorders?

It only uses a categorical approach. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding mental disorder diagnoses?

Diagnoses can stigmatize individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is indicative of Panic Disorder?

Repeated, unexpected panic attacks Signup and view all the answers

What approach does the DSM-5-TR utilize for understanding mental disorders?

Atheoretical biopsychosocial approach Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Social Anxiety Disorder from other anxiety disorders?

Intense fear of being evaluated by others Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for diagnosing mental disorders?

To provide a term for clients' experiences Signup and view all the answers

What historical belief attributed mental disorders to evil spirits?

Demonic Model Signup and view all the answers

What type of avoidance behavior is typically seen in individuals with Agoraphobia?

Avoidance of open spaces and public transit Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder involves intense anxiety regarding physical symptoms that cannot be identified medically?

Illness Anxiety Disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?

Excessively elevated mood Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of obsessions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

Intrusive and unwanted thoughts Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological factor involves fear of not knowing the future?

Intolerance of uncertainty Signup and view all the answers

What is often seen as a biological factor in anxiety-related disorders?

Small to moderate genetic contributions Signup and view all the answers

According to the life events model, what is a potential trigger for Major Depressive Disorder?

Stressful life events Signup and view all the answers

What model suggests that depressed individuals may inadvertently push people away?

Interpersonal model Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is commonly recognized as a symptom of Major Depressive Disorder?

Significant change in weight/appetite Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'learned helplessness' related to in psychological studies?

Failing to escape from aversive situations Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the assumption that the worst outcome will happen?

Catastrophizing Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditioning is exemplified by the Little Albert experiment?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What does the posttraumatic model of Dissociative Identity Disorder suggest?

Individuals create alters as a coping mechanism for childhood abuse. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of autism spectrum disorders?

Repetitive and restrictive behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is a proposed explanation for Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

Genetic contributions and decreased brain volume Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the sociocognitive model of Dissociative Identity Disorder is true?

Therapists' beliefs can significantly shape the clients' experience of alters. Signup and view all the answers

What is an illusory correlation related to childhood disorders?

The MMR vaccine's connection to autism spectrum disorders. Signup and view all the answers

What common behavior is associated with children who have Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

Refusal to follow directions and seat refusal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a significant characteristic of Dissociative Identity Disorder?

Alters are often named and identified during therapy. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with autism spectrum disorders?

High levels of imaginative play Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the phenomenon where a person shows no interest in social interactions?

Asociality Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is characterized by purposeless activity and waxy flexibility?

Catatonia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a proposed explanation for Borderline Personality Disorder?

Childhood sexual abuse Signup and view all the answers

What does the underarousal hypothesis propose about psychopathic personality?

It is linked to emotional numbness. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is typical of someone with Dissociative Identity Disorder?

Multiple personality states Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of personality disorders?

Persistent behavior patterns Signup and view all the answers

Which brain abnormality is often associated with schizophrenia?

Enlarged ventricles Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom indicates a significant level of impulsivity in Borderline Personality Disorder?

Repeated suicide attempts Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive difficulty might individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder experience?

Challenges in emotional regulation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introductory Psychology II - Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders

Lectures: Topics covered include defining mental disorders, the history of mental disorders (including demonic models, medical models, and the modern era), the DSM-5-TR and its criticisms, anxiety-related disorders, depression, bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, dissociative disorders, and childhood disorders - with specific dates for each lecture.

Defining Mental Disorders

Statistical rarity: Mental disorders can be identified by their infrequency.
Subjective distress: A defining characteristic is distress experienced by the individual.
Impairment: Impairment in daily functioning is another hallmark.
Societal/cultural disapproval: Societal reactions to behaviors are a part of the definition.
Biological dysfunction: Biological factors also play a role.

History of Mental Disorders

Demonic Model: Early explanations for mental illness attributed it to evil spirits. Practices included exorcism and trephining.
Medical Model: Mental illness was viewed as a physical health issue. Treatments included bloodletting and asylums.
Moral Treatment: Later, a focus shifted to treating individuals in a humane and compassionate manner.
Modern Era (Deinstitutionalization): Efforts moved away from large institutions toward community-based resources.

Diagnosing

Purpose of diagnosis: Improves communication, gives clients a term for their experiences, helps select the best treatments, and aids research.
Misconceptions: Diagnosing is not simply categorizing people into boxes, diagnoses are not unreliable, and labeling does not invalidate or make symptoms less real. The influence of diagnosis on perceptions and behavior is significant.

The DSM-5-TR

Diagnostic Criteria: Standardized criteria for diagnosing mental disorders, specifying the number and type of symptoms and duration needed for diagnosis. Symptoms must not stem from medical conditions or substances.
Other features: Prevalence (the proportion of people who have the condition), atheoretical biopsychosocial approach, and how developmental stages and cultural factors impact disorders.
Criticisms: Comorbidity (occurring disorders overlap), and the tension between categorical (distinct) and dimensional (varying) diagnostic approaches.

Typical onset: Teenage years to early adulthood.
Somatic disorders: Physical symptoms accompanied by anxiety. Examples include somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Excessive, uncontrollable worrying about minor topics, muscle tension, irritability, sleep difficulties, and concentration problems.
Panic Disorder: Repeated, unexpected panic attacks, leading individuals to alter behavior.
Agoraphobia: Avoidance of places or situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable, if a panic attack occurs.
Social Anxiety Disorder: Fear of social evaluation and believing one lacks social skills.
Specific Phobias: Significant fear or anxiety of specific objects or situations (like animals, storms, water, elevators, darkness, clowns, etc.).
Psychological factors associated with anxiety: Classical conditioning (associative learning), operant conditioning (avoidance/escape), observational learning, information/misinformation, catastrophizing, anxiety sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, and metacognitions.
Biological factors: Twin studies suggest genetic contributions, and low levels of serotonin and GABA are linked. Neuroticism is often heightened in anxiety disorders.

Mood Disorders

Common characteristics: Feeling down (depression) or elevated/expansive (mania).
Examples of mood disorders included: Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia), Seasonal Affective Disorder, Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II Disorder, Cyclothymic Disorder, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.

Major Depressive Disorder

Key characteristics: Significantly depressed mood or anhedonia (loss of pleasure), substantial weight or appetite changes, sleep disturbances, feelings of worthlessness, and thoughts of suicide. Usually recurrent.
Psychological factors Life events model (stressors and relationships), behavioral model (lack of positive reinforcement), interpersonal model (seeking reassurance but causing rejection), learned helplessness (feeling unable to control negative outcomes), and cognitive model (negative views of self, the world, and the future).
Biological factors: Genetic predisposition, and the role of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. High neuroticism

Bipolar Disorders

Mania/hypomania: Significantly elevated or irritable mood, grandiosity, increased goal-directed activity, and decreased need for sleep, engagement in risky behaviors.
Bipolar I Disorder: Experience of manic episodes (marked elevation of mood).
Bipolar II Disorder: Experience of hypomanic episodes (less severe than manic) and major depressive episodes.
Factors in bipolar disorders: Biological factors (high heritability, involvement of serotonin and dopamine), and psychological factors (stressful life events, sleep disruption).

Suicide

Prevalence: A significant public health concern, contributing to death among children, adolescents, young adults, Indigenous populations, and the elderly.
Predicting suicide risk: Current planning/ideation, previous attempts, hopelessness, depression, comorbid substance abuse or other mental disorders, and recent major life stressor are factors.

Schizophrenia

Positive symptoms: Delusions (irrational beliefs), hallucinations (false sensory perceptions).
Disorganized symptoms: Disorganized speech (loose associations), disorganized behavior (unfitting context), and catatonia.
Negative symptoms: Apathy (lack of motivation), flat affect (lack of emotional response), asociality (lack of interest in others), alogia (limited speech), and anhedonia (lack of pleasure).
Factors: Schizophrenogenic mothers (a now-discredited theory of maternal rejection contributing to the condition), expressed emotion (criticism, hostility, and overinvolvement in the family environment), brain abnormalities (enlarged ventricles, hypofrontality), neurotransmitters (dysfunction in dopamine pathways), genetics, and the diathesis-stress model.

Personality Disorders

Common characteristics: Persistent patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate markedly from cultural expectations, causes emotional distress and impairment, and has onset in adolescence or early adulthood.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Key features: Fear of abandonment, instability in mood, identity, and relationships. Marked impulsivity, chronic emptiness. Repeated suicide attempts or self-harm.

Dissociative Disorders

Depersonalization/derealization disorder: Episodes of depersonalization (feeling detached from oneself) or derealization (feeling detached from surroundings).
Dissociative amnesia: Memory loss following a stressful or traumatic event
Dissociative fugue: Dissociative amnesia coupled with fleeing the area.
Dissociative identity disorder: Two or more distinct personality states functioning independently. Different features (respiration, brain waves, eyesight, etc.) manifest with each personality. Amnesia between personality states is not fully supported by evidence.
Proposed explanations for DID. Posttraumatic model (childhood traumas creating compartments to handle events).Sociocognitive model (dissociation is learned and perpetuated by therapist).

Childhood Disorders

Autism spectrum disorders: Severe deficits in language, social bonding, imagination, and intelligence; Repetitive and restrictive behaviors.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Restlessness, emotional outbursts, difficulty staying seated, not following directions, focus problems, and temper tantrums.
Proposed explanations: genetics, parental age, and possibly MMR vaccine, liberal diagnostic criteria. Genetic contributions/brain volume differences and activation patterns. Possible overdiagnosis.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in abnormal psychology, including cognitive models of depression, bipolar disorder characteristics, and schizophrenia symptoms. This quiz covers critical factors influencing mental health and the biological aspects of various disorders.