Abnormal Psychology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a key critique of the definition of abnormality based on deviation from social norms?

  • It can apply universally across all cultures.
  • It disregards individual subjective experiences.
  • It is based solely on statistical anomalies.
  • It might pathologize creative and innovative behaviors. (correct)

Which of the following is an example of how deviation from statistical norms might manifest?

  • A group of people practicing a unique cultural ritual.
  • An individual with an exceptionally high IQ. (correct)
  • A person who feels distressed in social situations.
  • Someone experiencing a traumatic event.

Which factor is not considered a key criterion in assessing distress and disability?

  • Subjective experience.
  • Functional impairment.
  • Cultural acceptance. (correct)
  • Personal suffering.

What type of stigma involves negative perceptions held by society regarding mental illness?

<p>Social stigma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the criticisms related to defining abnormality based on statistical norms?

<p>Positive deviations may not need intervention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating ADHD?

<p>Managing coexisting problems like anxiety and anger (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an adaptive function of a behavior that might be considered maladaptive?

<p>Constantly checking for danger due to anxiety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a first-line pharmacological treatment for ADHD?

<p>Methylphenidate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical origins contributed to social stigma surrounding mental illness?

<p>Misunderstanding and fear of mental health issues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates the impact of culture on perceptions of mental health support?

<p>In some cultures, seeking help is deemed dishonorable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might cultural biases impact the diagnosis of ADHD?

<p>They may contribute to underdiagnosis or overdiagnosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does social skills training play in ADHD treatment?

<p>It enhances peer interaction through role-playing and group exercises. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to monitor medication for ADHD regularly?

<p>To identify potential side effects such as appetite suppression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common treatment for mental illness according to the demonology model?

<p>Exorcisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model suggests that mental disorders result from the interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental stressors?

<p>Diathesis-Stress Model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred during deinstitutionalization in the 1950s to 1970s?

<p>Shift to community-based care (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological approach focuses on unconscious conflicts stemming from early experiences?

<p>Psychodynamic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of the biological model of psychopathology?

<p>Overemphasis on biological factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach emphasizes personal growth and empowerment rather than focusing solely on a cure?

<p>Recovery Model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of diagnosis, what is a significant advantage of the DSM-5?

<p>Detailed structured criteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential critique of the ICD classification system?

<p>Less detailed symptom descriptions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What assessment method provides an organized structure but may limit flexibility?

<p>Structured interviews (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive therapy in treating mental disorders?

<p>Changing irrational thoughts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential component of formulation-based approaches in clinical settings?

<p>Hypothesizing underlying mechanisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent a core clinical competency?

<p>Social networking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concern is associated with overemphasis on the biological model?

<p>Risk of neglecting therapy options (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the HCPC standards prioritize?

<p>Public protection and ethical practice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of Pica?

<p>Eating non-food items (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological intervention is considered most effective for treating anorexia and bulimia?

<p>Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is most commonly associated with recurrent regurgitation of food?

<p>Rumination Disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant biological risk factor for developing an eating disorder?

<p>High heritability in genes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

<p>Severe depressive episodes lasting at least two weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following populations is Anorexia Nervosa most likely to co-occur?

<p>Individuals with depression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological theory explains the avoidance behaviors associated with depression?

<p>Behavioral Theories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter imbalance is commonly associated with depressive symptoms?

<p>Low levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of episodes are characteristic of Bipolar I disorder?

<p>Full manic episodes lasting at least 7 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the cognitive biases described in Beck’s Model of Depression?

<p>Arbitrary inference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which eating disorder is characterized by a significant focus on muscle mass in males?

<p>Muscle Dysmorphia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological intervention focuses on cognitive restructuring and exposure to feared foods?

<p>Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the prevalence of eating disorders is accurate?

<p>Females are 10 times more likely to develop eating disorders than males. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chronic condition is characterized by alternating episodes of depression and mania?

<p>Bipolar Disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Trauma-Focused CBT in the treatment of PTSD?

<p>Restructuring negative trauma appraisals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter associated with mood regulation in bipolar disorder?

<p>Dopamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of exposure therapy involves confronting real-life trauma triggers?

<p>In Vivo Exposure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals seek treatment for Substance Use Disorders within one year of onset?

<p>7.1% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

<p>Exaggerated startle response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT considered a criterion for diagnosing Substance Use Disorders according to DSM-5?

<p>Increased social activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is considered the gold standard for bipolar disorder?

<p>Lithium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological factor is part of the Self-Medication Hypothesis regarding Substance Use Disorders?

<p>Coping with negative emotions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of PTSD, what does 'hypervigilance' refer to?

<p>Increased awareness of surroundings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant barrier to treatment for PTSD as indicated by help-seeking behavior?

<p>Stigma associated with mental health treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which emerging treatment shows rapid symptom relief in depression?

<p>Ketamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of chronic low-grade inflammation in mood disorders?

<p>Mood instability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is classified as a psycholeptic, known for its calming effects?

<p>Alcohol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment for Opioid Use Disorder is NOT an established pharmacological approach?

<p>Disulfiram (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cognitive distortion is addressed in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?

<p>Negative automatic thoughts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge in treating personality disorders due to the nature of symptoms?

<p>Symptoms are often egosyntonic, reducing motivation for change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a biological risk factor for PTSD?

<p>Mental health problems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a characteristic of ADHD?

<p>Is categorized into subtypes: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Opponent Process Model suggests that chronic substance use is primarily driven by:

<p>Avoiding withdrawal or distress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason for the underdiagnosis of ADHD in girls?

<p>They often present primarily with inattentive symptoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals is estimated to experience trauma during their lifetime?

<p>70.4% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a psychoanaleptic substance?

<p>Caffeine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'craving' in the context of Substance Use Disorders?

<p>A strong, uncontrollable urge to use a substance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Fear Network Theory explain PTSD symptoms?

<p>By causing a memory to be overly generalized (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment tool is primarily utilized for diagnosing personality disorders?

<p>Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Personality Disorders (SCID). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered a significant risk factor contributing to ADHD?

<p>Low birth weight and prenatal exposure to toxins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment focuses on increasing exposure to rewarding activities?

<p>Behavioral Activation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do environmental stressors play in addiction according to key concepts?

<p>They interact with biological predispositions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common developmental impact of ADHD during adolescence?

<p>Struggles with social interactions and risk-taking behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Complex PTSD according to ICD-11?

<p>Emotion dysregulation and negative self-cognition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter system is often associated with ADHD symptoms?

<p>Dopamine and norepinephrine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for PTSD?

<p>Improved relational stability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable consequence of parental ADHD on family dynamics?

<p>Inconsistency in discipline and chaotic home environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic is most likely to develop PTSD according to the gender ratio observed?

<p>Women, potentially due to higher trait anxiety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of ADHD among children globally?

<p>Approximately 5%. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavioral intervention is often recommended for managing ADHD?

<p>Positive reinforcement and consistent discipline. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant statistic regarding suicide risk in individuals with personality disorders?

<p>Approximately 10% die by suicide. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a core symptom cluster of ADHD?

<p>Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ADHD typically affect adults compared to children?

<p>Symptoms remain stable and often lead to occupational challenges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental modification can benefit a child with ADHD?

<p>Reducing distractions at home and school. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of personality disorders?

<p>Enduring patterns of behavior that significantly deviate from cultural expectations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes egodystonic thoughts from egosyntonic thoughts?

<p>Egodystonic thoughts cause distress; egosyntonic thoughts do not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster of personality disorders is characterized by emotional instability and impulsivity?

<p>Cluster B (Dramatic/Emotional) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common predictor of relapse after treatment for substance use disorders?

<p>Chronic stress and craving (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Compassion-Focused Therapy (CFT)?

<p>Integrating neurobiology to build self-soothing skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others?

<p>Paranoid Personality Disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological factor significantly contributes to the aetiology of personality disorders?

<p>Childhood adversity and neglect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment approach is specifically designed to address issues associated with Borderline Personality Disorder?

<p>Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main focus areas of the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing personality disorders?

<p>Cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is specifically associated with aggression and impulsivity in personality disorders?

<p>Serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the pattern of behaviors seen in Avoidant Personality Disorder?

<p>Hypersensitivity to rejection and social withdrawal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies is NOT typically used in the treatment of personality disorders?

<p>Electroconvulsive therapy for ego-syntonic behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of heritability relate to personality disorders?

<p>Genetic factors account for 40-69% of their development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders falls under Cluster C of personality disorders?

<p>Chronic fear of abandonment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

<p>Excessive worry about at least two domains for more than 3 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Panic Disorder?

<p>Binge eating followed by purging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in treating anxiety disorders?

<p>Identifying and confronting irrational beliefs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of anxiety disorders, what does the term 'pathological worrying' refer to?

<p>Worry used as a distraction from distressing emotions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment approach for Agoraphobia?

<p>Cognitive restructuring and exposure therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is often implicated in the development of panic disorder?

<p>Norepinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines Specific Phobias?

<p>Fear of specific objects or situations that is disproportionate to actual danger (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Anorexia Nervosa?

<p>Disregard for the seriousness of low body weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a Cognitive Mechanism in the etiology of GAD?

<p>Difficulty disengaging from threatening stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective non-pharmacological intervention in the treatment of Panic Disorder?

<p>Progressive muscle relaxation techniques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key models for ethical practice in client-focused care?

<p>Promoting equality and inclusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder from other eating disorders?

<p>Characterized by lack of interest in food based on sensory characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people reported experiencing anxiety symptoms as noted in prevalent statistics?

<p>28% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Deviation from Social Norms

Behavior that goes against societal norms. Examples: Public nudity or hearing voices in cultures where it's not accepted.

Deviation from Statistical Norms

Abnormal behavior based on how rare it is in a population. Examples: High IQ, extreme height, savant skills.

Maladaptive Behavior and Dysfunction

When mental health issues lead to problems with functioning or harm. Examples: Job loss or relationship breakdown due to obsessive behavior.

Distress and Disability

Focus on personal suffering and decreased ability to do daily tasks. Examples: Silent sufferers of depression vs. those outwardly expressing symptoms.

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Social Stigma

Negative societal views about mental illness. Examples: Being seen as weak or dangerous.

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Self-Stigma

When people accept negative stereotypes about mental illness. Examples: Believing you're flawed or unlovable.

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Origins of Stigma

Historical misunderstandings, negative media portrayals, and lack of education contribute to negative perceptions of mental illness.

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Impact of Stigma

Examples of successful anti-stigma campaigns include 'Time to Change' (UK) and 'Beyond Blue' (Australia). Some cultures view seeking help as dishonorable.

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Reflective Practitioner

Continuous self-awareness and improvement aiming for ethical, client-centered approaches in practice.

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Scientist-Practitioner

Combines scientific research with clinical experience to ensure data-driven decisions in therapy while remaining flexible to individual needs.

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Specific Phobias

Intense fear of specific objects or situations disproportionate to any real danger, leading to avoidance behavior.

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Social Anxiety Disorder

Fear of unfamiliar people or social scrutiny leading to avoidance of social situations.

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Panic Disorder

Recurrent panic attacks and persistent anxiety about these attacks, causing significant distress and impairment.

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Agoraphobia

Fear of being in places where escape would be difficult or help unavailable during anxiety symptoms, leading to avoidance behavior.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Excessive and uncontrollable worry about various domains (family, health, work/school) for at least 3 months, causing significant distress and impairment.

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Fear

A response to an immediate, well-defined threat triggering the fight-or-flight response.

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Anxiety

Apprehension about future threats, conceptualized as a future-focused emotion that can vary widely among individuals and situations.

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Pathological Worrying

Refers to the tendency to engage in worry as a distraction from distressing emotions.

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Dispositional Characteristics (GAD)

People with GAD are often intolerant of uncertainty and find it difficult to handle situations that are unpredictable or unclear.

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Cognitive Mechanisms (GAD)

Individuals with GAD often focus on threatening stimuli and find it hard to disengage from thoughts about potential threats.

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Bulimia Nervosa

Recurrent binge-eating episodes followed by compensatory behaviors (e.g., vomiting, excessive exercise) occurring at least once a week for 3 months.

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Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

Recurrent binge-eating episodes with no compensatory behaviors, causing distress and guilt.

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Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

Lack of interest in eating or food due to sensory characteristics or fear of negative consequences from eating.

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Humorism

An ancient Greek theory of health and disease, where imbalances in four bodily fluids (blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm) were believed to cause illness. Excess black bile was associated with melancholia.

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Demonology

A belief system prevalent before the 18th century, attributing mental illness to demonic possession or spiritual influences.

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Asylums

Institutions dedicated to caring for the mentally ill, often characterized by harsh conditions and limited treatment during the 1700s to 1900s.

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Deinstitutionalization

A movement in the 1950s-1970s advocating for shifting mental health care from institutions to community settings, emphasizing outpatient services and integration into society.

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Recovery Model

A model emphasizing personal growth, empowerment, and resilience over a 'cure' for mental illness, prioritizes individual strengths and recovery journey rather than focusing solely on symptom reduction.

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Genetics

The study of how genes influence mental disorders, acknowledging the interplay of multiple genes in contributing to vulnerability.

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Diathesis-Stress Model

A model proposing that a combination of genetic predisposition (diathesis) and environmental stressors triggers the development of a mental disorder.

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Neuroscience

A field focusing on brain abnormalities in structure and function as potential causes of mental disorders.

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Psychodynamic

A psychological approach emphasizing unconscious conflicts stemming from early childhood experiences and their impact on adult personality and mental health.

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Behaviorism

A school of thought proposing that abnormal behavior is acquired through learning processes, involving principles like classical and operant conditioning.

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Cognitive

A cognitive model highlighting irrational thoughts and cognitive distortions as contributors to mental health issues, emphasizes changing these thought patterns.

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Humanist-Existential

A humanistic approach emphasizing personal meaning, self-actualization, and freedom, focusing on the individual's potential for growth and fulfillment.

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DSM-5

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used classification system for mental health disorders in the United States.

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ICD

The International Classification of Diseases, a global classification system for diseases and health conditions, including mental disorders, used by healthcare systems worldwide.

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Structured Interviews

A structured clinical interview designed to systematically assess symptoms and criteria for mental disorders, enhancing diagnostic reliability.

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What is Pica?

Eating non-food items, like dirt, paper, or hair.

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What is Rumination Disorder?

Repeatedly bringing up food that has been eaten and re-chewing it, often without feeling disgusted.

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How does Anorexia affect the Brain?

Starvation can shrink the brain, impacting thinking, emotions, and learning.

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What does 'Co-morbidity' mean?

A condition where someone has two or more medical conditions happening at the same time.

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What are some Co-morbidities with Anorexia?

Anorexia is often linked to depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

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What are some Co-morbidities with Bulimia?

Bulimia is commonly associated with depression, bipolar disorder, and substance use disorders.

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What are some Co-morbidities with Binge Eating Disorder?

Binge Eating Disorder is frequently linked to depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders.

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Are there Genetic Risk Factors for Eating Disorders?

Genetics play a significant role in the development of eating disorders.

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What is the Role of Neurochemicals in Eating Disorders?

Imbalances in brain chemicals like serotonin and dopamine affect appetite, reward processing, and emotions.

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How do 'Cultural Factors Influence Eating Disorders?

Exposure to Western beauty standards has led to increased eating disorder rates in people from diverse backgrounds.

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How does Social Media Influence Body Image?

Social media can contribute to eating disorders by promoting unrealistic thinness ideals.

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Are Eating Disorders a 'Female Only' Issue?

More men are developing eating disorders, though it's often underreported.

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What are Gender Differences in Eating Disorders?

Women are 10 times more likely to develop eating disorders than men.

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How is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) used in Eating Disorder Treatment?

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most effective treatment for anorexia and bulimia.

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What Role do Antidepressants Play in Eating Disorder Treatment?

Antidepressants are often prescribed to treat depression and anxiety associated with eating disorders.

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Heritability

A measure of the degree to which a trait or characteristic is influenced by genetics, ranging from 0 to 1, with 1 indicating complete genetic influence.

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Concordance in Monozygotic Twins

Identical twins share 100% of their genetic material, so if a trait is highly heritable, they are more likely to share it.

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Dopamine Dysregulation

The neurotransmitter dopamine plays a crucial role in mood regulation, with high levels associated with manic states and low levels linked to depression.

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Frontal Cortex and Limbic System Activity

The frontal cortex is involved in cognitive processes like planning and decision-making, while the limbic system controls emotions. Imbalances in these regions can contribute to mood disorders.

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Immune Dysfunction and Mood Disorders

Elevated levels of inflammatory chemicals in the body, known as pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggest chronic low-grade inflammation, which may be involved in mood disorders.

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SSRIs and SNRIs

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are commonly used to treat depression by increasing the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmitters in the brain.

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Lithium for Bipolar Disorder

Lithium is the gold standard treatment for bipolar disorder, but it's associated with side effects like weight gain, nausea, and tremors.

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Ketamine for Depression

Ketamine, a fast-acting anesthetic, has shown promise in rapidly reducing depressive symptoms within hours.

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Psychedelics for Mood Disorders

Psychedelic substances like LSD are under experimental investigation for their potential therapeutic benefits in treating mood disorders. However, these treatments are not widely available or established as standard care.

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Behavioral Activation

Behavioral Activation focuses on increasing engagement in rewarding activities and reducing avoidance behaviors.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) helps individuals identify and challenge negative automatic thoughts, which can lead to changes in behavior.

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is a highly effective treatment for severe cases of depression and bipolar disorder, often used when other therapies haven't been successful.

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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses magnetic fields to target specific brain areas related to mood regulation.

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

PTSD is triggered by exposure to a traumatic event. It affects emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functioning.

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PTSD Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5)

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) outlines the criteria for diagnosing PTSD. It involves experiencing a traumatic event, intrusive symptoms, avoidance, negative cognitions and mood, and arousal and reactivity.

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Situationally Accessible Memory (SAM)

A type of memory that is unconscious and triggered by sensory experiences, often associated with trauma.

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Verbally Accessible Memory (VAM)

A type of memory that is consciously recalled and involves detailed narratives and personal understanding.

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Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)

A therapy approach that aims to restructure negative thoughts and beliefs about a traumatic event, helping individuals gain control over their reactions and emotions.

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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

A therapy approach that combines exposure to trauma-related memories with bilateral stimulation (like eye movements) to help process and integrate those memories.

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Exposure Therapy

A therapy approach that involves gradually or intensely exposing individuals to trauma-related triggers, helping them confront and reduce their fear responses.

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In Vivo Exposure

A type of exposure therapy where individuals confront real-life situations that remind them of the trauma.

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Imaginal Exposure

A type of exposure therapy where individuals re-live the trauma in a safe and controlled environment, helping them process and integrate their memories.

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Substance Use Disorders (SUD)

A condition characterized by a chronic and relapsing pattern of substance use despite negative consequences, involving biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors.

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Addiction as a Brain Disease

The theory that addiction stems from a hijacking of the brain's reward system, leading to compulsive seeking of the substance due to changes in neural circuits.

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Early Adversity and SUD

The theory that early life experiences, such as abuse, neglect, or household substance use, increase the risk of developing substance use disorders later in life.

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Self-Medication Hypothesis

A theory suggesting that individuals use substances to cope with negative emotions such as anxiety or depression.

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Contingency Management (CM)

The practice of providing rewards for abstinence, often used in treatment for substance use disorders.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for SUD

A therapy approach that focuses on addressing dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors related to substance use, helping individuals develop coping skills and relapse prevention strategies.

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Opponent Process Model of Addiction

The tendency for individuals to initially use substances for pleasure, but over time, their use becomes driven by the need to avoid withdrawal symptoms or the discomfort associated with not using.

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Gateway Hypothesis

A model that suggests progressing from less potent substances (e.g., cannabis) to more potent substances (e.g., harder drugs) over time.

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Egosyntonic behaviors

Egosyntonic describes behaviors that are consistent with a person's self-image, making them less likely to seek help or change.

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Personality Disorders

A long-lasting pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are very different from what is expected in a culture. These patterns are inflexible, affect many areas of life, cause distress or problems, and last for a long time.

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Comorbidity in PD

A high rate of coexisting mental health conditions complicates treatment in personality disorders.

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Egodystonic

When a thought, feeling, or behavior is in conflict with how a person views themself. It feels foreign or unwanted.

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Therapeutic Relationship in PD

Issues with setting boundaries and building trust often arise in therapy for personality disorders.

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Egosyntonic

When thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are in line with how a person sees themself. They feel comfortable and consistent.

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Personality Traits

These are traits that are stable and consistent over time and across different situations. Extreme variations of these traits can become disorders.

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What is ADHD?

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

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Cluster A Personality Disorders

Characterized by social withdrawal, strange thoughts, and unusual behavior. Includes Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal personality disorders.

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Impact of ADHD

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that can significantly impact social, academic, and occupational functioning.

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Cluster B Personality Disorders

Marked by emotional instability, impulsivity, and disregard for rules. Examples include Antisocial, Borderline, Narcissistic, and Histrionic personality disorders.

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Cluster C Personality Disorders

These are marked by anxiety, fear of rejection, and dependency. Disorders include Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorders.

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ADHD Gender Differences

ADHD is more common in boys than girls, but girls may be underdiagnosed due to different symptom presentations.

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Genetics of ADHD

ADHD has a high heritability, suggesting a strong genetic component.

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Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

A severe personality disorder characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions; impulsivity; and self-harm. Marked by intense fear of abandonment and a feeling of emptiness.

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Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

A therapy focused on reducing suicidal behaviors, improving emotional regulation, and managing distress. It teaches mindfulness, emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and social skills.

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Neurotransmitters and ADHD

ADHD involves neurotransmitter imbalances, particularly in the dopamine and norepinephrine systems.

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Schema-Focused Therapy

A therapy that identifies and addresses core maladaptive beliefs (schemas) that develop early in life. It helps individuals understand how these schemas impact their relationships and emotions.

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Brain Structure and ADHD

ADHD is associated with structural differences in the brain, particularly in the prefrontal cortex.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)

A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive disregard for others' rights, deceitfulness, impulsivity, aggression, and lack of remorse. It often involves breaking laws and engaging in risky behaviors.

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Heritability of ADHD

ADHD is a highly heritable condition, with a significant genetic predisposition.

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Parenting and ADHD

Parenting styles and family dynamics can influence the development and severity of ADHD symptoms.

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A personality disorder marked by grandiosity, a need for admiration, and lack of empathy. Individuals with this disorder often have fantasies of success and power, and view themselves as highly special and unique.

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Challenges of Living with ADHD

ADHD can lead to academic, social, and emotional challenges throughout life.

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Paranoid Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of distrust and suspicion of others. They tend to interpret others' actions as malicious and threatening, even if there is no evidence to support it.

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Schizoid Personality Disorder

A personality disorder marked by detachment from social relationships, restricted emotional expression, and a lack of interest in social activities. They find it difficult to experience pleasure or form close bonds with others.

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Societal Impact of ADHD

ADHD affects individuals, families, and society, impacting everything from education to healthcare costs.

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Treatment of ADHD

Environmental modifications and behavioral interventions are key strategies in addressing ADHD.

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Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by discomfort in social situations, eccentric behavior, and unusual thoughts and perceptions. They may have strange beliefs and difficulty forming close relationships.

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What are stimulants for ADHD?

Methylphenidate and amphetamines are commonly used to improve focus and impulse control in ADHD. This first-line treatment works for about 70% of individuals with ADHD.

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What are non-stimulant medications for ADHD?

Atomoxetine is a non-stimulant medication used for ADHD when stimulants don't work or cause side effects. It can help improve focus and control impulsivity.

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How can CBT help with ADHD?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) focuses on managing coexisting problems like anxiety and anger, enhancing self-awareness, and improving emotional regulation for individuals with ADHD.

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What is Social Skills Training for ADHD?

Social Skills Training uses role-playing and group exercises to address difficulties in peer interactions, helping individuals with ADHD improve their social skills.

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Study Notes

Defining Psychopathology

  • Deviation from Social Norms: Behaviors that differ from cultural expectations; examples include public nudity or hearing voices where not accepted. This approach is culturally relative, not all deviations are pathological (e.g., artistic expression). Risk of stigmatizing non-conformity, highlighting difficulties associated with neurodiversity.

  • Deviation from Statistical Norms: Abnormality determined by rarity in a population (e.g., extreme IQ). Rare traits aren't always pathological (e.g., genius). Positive deviations may not need intervention.

  • Maladaptive Behavior and Dysfunction: Focuses on impairment in daily functioning or harm. Examples include struggles in work or relationships due to obsessive behaviors, as seen in the DSM-5. Recognizing the continuum of symptoms, from mild to severe.

  • Distress and Disability: Considers personal suffering and functional impairment, acknowledging silent vs. expressed forms of distress.

Stigma

  • Social Stigma: Negative societal perceptions of mental illness.

  • Self-Stigma: Internalized societal stereotypes by individuals. Historical fear and misunderstanding, negative media portrayals, and biased education contribute to stigma. Successful counter-stigma campaigns exist (e.g., Time to Change, Beyond Blue).

Historical Models of Psychopathology

  • Ancient Greeks (Hippocrates): Humorism, the imbalance of bodily fluids (e.g., excess black bile linked to melancholia); treatments included bloodletting, diet adjustments, rest, exercise.

  • Demonology: Mental illness as demon possession, with cultural variations (e.g., spirit possession rituals vs. Christian exorcisms); treatments included exorcism, purging, isolation.

  • Asylums (1700s-1900s): Patients treated as inmates; inhumane conditions. Treatments focused on physical methods ("balancing spirits") and moral therapy (order, discipline).

  • Deinstitutionalization (1950s-1970s): Shift to community-based care. Introduction of milieu therapy and psychotropic medications; examples like Clubhouse Model and halfway houses.

  • Recovery Model: Holistic, person-centered care; emphasizes personal growth, empowerment, resilience over "cure."

Biological Models

  • Genetics: Mental disorders influenced by multiple genes. Examples include twin studies showing concordance rates for schizophrenia.

  • Diathesis-Stress Model: Genetic vulnerability + environmental stress = disorder; example, interactions between prenatal factors and later-life stressors.

  • Neuroscience: Focuses on brain abnormalities. Examples include dopamine hyperactivity in schizophrenia, serotonin deficits in depression. Neuroimaging shows differences in brain areas (e.g., prefrontal cortex) in ADHD. Biological models may overemphasize biology and risks over-medicalization.

Psychological Approaches

  • Psychodynamic: Focuses on unconscious conflicts stemming from early experiences, using techniques like free association, dream analysis, transference-focused therapy.

  • Behaviorism: Abnormal behavior arises from faulty learning. Techniques include classical conditioning (systematic desensitization, exposure therapy) and operant conditioning (token economies, reinforcement); limitations are focused solely on behavior, not root causes.

  • Cognitive: Focuses on changing irrational thoughts and cognitive distortions using techniques like cognitive restructuring.

  • Humanist-Existential: Emphasizes personal meaning, self-actualization, and freedom.

Diagnosis and Classification

  • DSM-5 vs. ICD: Comparison of autism spectrum classification, highlighting differences in approaches (single vs. categorized) and global vs. US use.

  • Advantages of DSM-5: Detailed criteria; widely used for research and clinical settings in the USA.

  • Advantages of ICD: Global use; suitable for international healthcare systems, broadening applicability across cultures.

  • Critiques of both: DSM-5 risks over-pathologizing, ICD may lack detailed symptom descriptions.

Assessment Methods

  • Clinical Interviews: Flexibility or bias based on structure (unstructured vs. structured). Gathering information on symptoms, history, and context.

  • Tests: Psychological tests (e.g., MMPI-2), intelligence tests (WAIS), neuropsychological tests, projective tests (Rorschach, TAT) with strengths and limitations.

Formulation-Based Approaches

  • Process: Data gathering on problems and context, hypothesizing underlying mechanisms, exploring causes, and developing individualized treatment plans. Example: Integrating psychosocial influences into care for comprehensive care.

Core Clinical Competencies

  • Assessment: Gather information through interviews and tests.

  • Formulation: Creating individualized hypotheses and treatment plans.

  • Intervention: Tailoring treatment to biopsychosocial factors.

  • Evaluation: Measuring treatment effectiveness.

  • Research: Incorporating evidence-based practice.

Professional Standards

  • HCPC, BPS: Prioritize public protection, continuing professional development, client involvement. Emphasize respect, competence, responsibility, integrity, equality, diversity, inclusion when resolving dilemmas, consulting guidance and/or supervisors.

Key Models for Practice

  • Reflective Practitioner: Continuous self-awareness for ethical, client-centered approaches.
  • Scientist-Practitioner: Combining research and clinical expertise for evidence-based solutions.

Other Disorders

(Further disorders are detailed below, with focus on diagnosis, symptoms, prevalence, etiology, treatment approaches, and considerations)

  • Anxiety Disorders (DSM-5): Specific phobias, social anxiety, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder. Fear vs. Anxiety.
  • Eating Disorders: Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and other similar disorders. Biological risk factors, cultural influence, and gender differences explored.
  • Mood Disorders (Unipolar & Bipolar): Major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder, Premenstrual Depressive Disorder, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, Bipolar I and II, cyclothymia; symptoms, course, biological/psychological theories, treatment approaches.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Diagnostic criteria and symptoms; complex PTSD. Epidemiology, course, pathophysiology, etiology, psychological and treatment models.
  • Substance Use Disorders (SUD): Classification, prevalence, characteristics, biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Models of addiction (e.g., opponent process, gateway); treatment.
  • Personality Disorders (PDs): Clusters A, B, and C, detailed profiles, differentiating disorders (e.g., Borderline vs. Bipolar), etiology, treatment challenges.
  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Core symptoms, diagnosis, prevalence, comorbidities, developmental impact, etiology, impact on functioning, assessment and treatment approaches.

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Test your knowledge on the key concepts and critiques of abnormal psychology, including definitions based on social and statistical norms. Explore the various factors impacting the diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues, particularly ADHD, along with the implications of stigma and cultural influence.

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