Abnormal Psychology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a key critique of the definition of abnormality based on deviation from social norms?

It can apply universally across all cultures.

It disregards individual subjective experiences.

It is based solely on statistical anomalies.

It might pathologize creative and innovative behaviors. (correct)

Which of the following is an example of how deviation from statistical norms might manifest?

A group of people practicing a unique cultural ritual.

An individual with an exceptionally high IQ. (correct)

A person who feels distressed in social situations.

Someone experiencing a traumatic event.

Which factor is not considered a key criterion in assessing distress and disability?

Subjective experience.

Functional impairment.

Cultural acceptance. (correct)

Personal suffering.

What type of stigma involves negative perceptions held by society regarding mental illness?

Social stigma. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the criticisms related to defining abnormality based on statistical norms?

Positive deviations may not need intervention. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating ADHD?

Managing coexisting problems like anxiety and anger Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an adaptive function of a behavior that might be considered maladaptive?

Constantly checking for danger due to anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a first-line pharmacological treatment for ADHD?

Methylphenidate Signup and view all the answers

What historical origins contributed to social stigma surrounding mental illness?

Misunderstanding and fear of mental health issues. Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates the impact of culture on perceptions of mental health support?

In some cultures, seeking help is deemed dishonorable. Signup and view all the answers

How might cultural biases impact the diagnosis of ADHD?

They may contribute to underdiagnosis or overdiagnosis. Signup and view all the answers

What role does social skills training play in ADHD treatment?

It enhances peer interaction through role-playing and group exercises. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to monitor medication for ADHD regularly?

To identify potential side effects such as appetite suppression. Signup and view all the answers

What was a common treatment for mental illness according to the demonology model?

Exorcisms Signup and view all the answers

Which model suggests that mental disorders result from the interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental stressors?

Diathesis-Stress Model Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred during deinstitutionalization in the 1950s to 1970s?

Shift to community-based care Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological approach focuses on unconscious conflicts stemming from early experiences?

Psychodynamic Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of the biological model of psychopathology?

Overemphasis on biological factors Signup and view all the answers

Which approach emphasizes personal growth and empowerment rather than focusing solely on a cure?

Recovery Model Signup and view all the answers

In the context of diagnosis, what is a significant advantage of the DSM-5?

Detailed structured criteria Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential critique of the ICD classification system?

Less detailed symptom descriptions Signup and view all the answers

What assessment method provides an organized structure but may limit flexibility?

Structured interviews Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive therapy in treating mental disorders?

Changing irrational thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential component of formulation-based approaches in clinical settings?

Hypothesizing underlying mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent a core clinical competency?

Social networking Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concern is associated with overemphasis on the biological model?

Risk of neglecting therapy options Signup and view all the answers

What does the HCPC standards prioritize?

Public protection and ethical practice Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of Pica?

Eating non-food items Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological intervention is considered most effective for treating anorexia and bulimia?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is most commonly associated with recurrent regurgitation of food?

Rumination Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant biological risk factor for developing an eating disorder?

High heritability in genes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

Severe depressive episodes lasting at least two weeks Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following populations is Anorexia Nervosa most likely to co-occur?

Individuals with depression Signup and view all the answers

What psychological theory explains the avoidance behaviors associated with depression?

Behavioral Theories Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter imbalance is commonly associated with depressive symptoms?

Low levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What type of episodes are characteristic of Bipolar I disorder?

Full manic episodes lasting at least 7 days Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the cognitive biases described in Beck’s Model of Depression?

Arbitrary inference Signup and view all the answers

Which eating disorder is characterized by a significant focus on muscle mass in males?

Muscle Dysmorphia Signup and view all the answers

What psychological intervention focuses on cognitive restructuring and exposure to feared foods?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the prevalence of eating disorders is accurate?

Females are 10 times more likely to develop eating disorders than males. Signup and view all the answers

What chronic condition is characterized by alternating episodes of depression and mania?

Bipolar Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Trauma-Focused CBT in the treatment of PTSD?

Restructuring negative trauma appraisals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter associated with mood regulation in bipolar disorder?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Which type of exposure therapy involves confronting real-life trauma triggers?

In Vivo Exposure Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals seek treatment for Substance Use Disorders within one year of onset?

7.1% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

Exaggerated startle response Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT considered a criterion for diagnosing Substance Use Disorders according to DSM-5?

Increased social activities Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is considered the gold standard for bipolar disorder?

Lithium Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological factor is part of the Self-Medication Hypothesis regarding Substance Use Disorders?

Coping with negative emotions Signup and view all the answers

In the context of PTSD, what does 'hypervigilance' refer to?

Increased awareness of surroundings Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant barrier to treatment for PTSD as indicated by help-seeking behavior?

Stigma associated with mental health treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which emerging treatment shows rapid symptom relief in depression?

Ketamine Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of chronic low-grade inflammation in mood disorders?

Mood instability Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is classified as a psycholeptic, known for its calming effects?

Alcohol Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment for Opioid Use Disorder is NOT an established pharmacological approach?

Disulfiram Signup and view all the answers

What type of cognitive distortion is addressed in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?

Negative automatic thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge in treating personality disorders due to the nature of symptoms?

Symptoms are often egosyntonic, reducing motivation for change. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a biological risk factor for PTSD?

Mental health problems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a characteristic of ADHD?

Is categorized into subtypes: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined. Signup and view all the answers

The Opponent Process Model suggests that chronic substance use is primarily driven by:

Avoiding withdrawal or distress Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason for the underdiagnosis of ADHD in girls?

They often present primarily with inattentive symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals is estimated to experience trauma during their lifetime?

70.4% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a psychoanaleptic substance?

Caffeine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'craving' in the context of Substance Use Disorders?

A strong, uncontrollable urge to use a substance Signup and view all the answers

How does the Fear Network Theory explain PTSD symptoms?

By causing a memory to be overly generalized Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment tool is primarily utilized for diagnosing personality disorders?

Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Personality Disorders (SCID). Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered a significant risk factor contributing to ADHD?

Low birth weight and prenatal exposure to toxins. Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment focuses on increasing exposure to rewarding activities?

Behavioral Activation Signup and view all the answers

What role do environmental stressors play in addiction according to key concepts?

They interact with biological predispositions Signup and view all the answers

What is a common developmental impact of ADHD during adolescence?

Struggles with social interactions and risk-taking behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Complex PTSD according to ICD-11?

Emotion dysregulation and negative self-cognition Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter system is often associated with ADHD symptoms?

Dopamine and norepinephrine. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for PTSD?

Improved relational stability Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable consequence of parental ADHD on family dynamics?

Inconsistency in discipline and chaotic home environment. Signup and view all the answers

What demographic is most likely to develop PTSD according to the gender ratio observed?

Women, potentially due to higher trait anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of ADHD among children globally?

Approximately 5%. Signup and view all the answers

Which behavioral intervention is often recommended for managing ADHD?

Positive reinforcement and consistent discipline. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant statistic regarding suicide risk in individuals with personality disorders?

Approximately 10% die by suicide. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a core symptom cluster of ADHD?

Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior. Signup and view all the answers

How does ADHD typically affect adults compared to children?

Symptoms remain stable and often lead to occupational challenges. Signup and view all the answers

What environmental modification can benefit a child with ADHD?

Reducing distractions at home and school. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of personality disorders?

Enduring patterns of behavior that significantly deviate from cultural expectations Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes egodystonic thoughts from egosyntonic thoughts?

Egodystonic thoughts cause distress; egosyntonic thoughts do not. Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster of personality disorders is characterized by emotional instability and impulsivity?

Cluster B (Dramatic/Emotional) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common predictor of relapse after treatment for substance use disorders?

Chronic stress and craving Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Compassion-Focused Therapy (CFT)?

Integrating neurobiology to build self-soothing skills Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others?

Paranoid Personality Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What psychological factor significantly contributes to the aetiology of personality disorders?

Childhood adversity and neglect Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment approach is specifically designed to address issues associated with Borderline Personality Disorder?

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Signup and view all the answers

What are the main focus areas of the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing personality disorders?

Cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is specifically associated with aggression and impulsivity in personality disorders?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What defines the pattern of behaviors seen in Avoidant Personality Disorder?

Hypersensitivity to rejection and social withdrawal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies is NOT typically used in the treatment of personality disorders?

Electroconvulsive therapy for ego-syntonic behaviors Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of heritability relate to personality disorders?

Genetic factors account for 40-69% of their development. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders falls under Cluster C of personality disorders?

Chronic fear of abandonment Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Excessive worry about at least two domains for more than 3 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Panic Disorder?

Binge eating followed by purging Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in treating anxiety disorders?

Identifying and confronting irrational beliefs Signup and view all the answers

In the context of anxiety disorders, what does the term 'pathological worrying' refer to?

Worry used as a distraction from distressing emotions Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment approach for Agoraphobia?

Cognitive restructuring and exposure therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is often implicated in the development of panic disorder?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What defines Specific Phobias?

Fear of specific objects or situations that is disproportionate to actual danger Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Anorexia Nervosa?

Disregard for the seriousness of low body weight Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a Cognitive Mechanism in the etiology of GAD?

Difficulty disengaging from threatening stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective non-pharmacological intervention in the treatment of Panic Disorder?

Progressive muscle relaxation techniques Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key models for ethical practice in client-focused care?

Promoting equality and inclusion Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder from other eating disorders?

Characterized by lack of interest in food based on sensory characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people reported experiencing anxiety symptoms as noted in prevalent statistics?

28% Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Defining Psychopathology

Deviation from Social Norms: Behaviors that differ from cultural expectations; examples include public nudity or hearing voices where not accepted. This approach is culturally relative, not all deviations are pathological (e.g., artistic expression). Risk of stigmatizing non-conformity, highlighting difficulties associated with neurodiversity.
Deviation from Statistical Norms: Abnormality determined by rarity in a population (e.g., extreme IQ). Rare traits aren't always pathological (e.g., genius). Positive deviations may not need intervention.
Maladaptive Behavior and Dysfunction: Focuses on impairment in daily functioning or harm. Examples include struggles in work or relationships due to obsessive behaviors, as seen in the DSM-5. Recognizing the continuum of symptoms, from mild to severe.
Distress and Disability: Considers personal suffering and functional impairment, acknowledging silent vs. expressed forms of distress.

Stigma

Social Stigma: Negative societal perceptions of mental illness.
Self-Stigma: Internalized societal stereotypes by individuals. Historical fear and misunderstanding, negative media portrayals, and biased education contribute to stigma. Successful counter-stigma campaigns exist (e.g., Time to Change, Beyond Blue).

Historical Models of Psychopathology

Ancient Greeks (Hippocrates): Humorism, the imbalance of bodily fluids (e.g., excess black bile linked to melancholia); treatments included bloodletting, diet adjustments, rest, exercise.
Demonology: Mental illness as demon possession, with cultural variations (e.g., spirit possession rituals vs. Christian exorcisms); treatments included exorcism, purging, isolation.
Asylums (1700s-1900s): Patients treated as inmates; inhumane conditions. Treatments focused on physical methods ("balancing spirits") and moral therapy (order, discipline).
Deinstitutionalization (1950s-1970s): Shift to community-based care. Introduction of milieu therapy and psychotropic medications; examples like Clubhouse Model and halfway houses.
Recovery Model: Holistic, person-centered care; emphasizes personal growth, empowerment, resilience over "cure."

Biological Models

Genetics: Mental disorders influenced by multiple genes. Examples include twin studies showing concordance rates for schizophrenia.
Diathesis-Stress Model: Genetic vulnerability + environmental stress = disorder; example, interactions between prenatal factors and later-life stressors.
Neuroscience: Focuses on brain abnormalities. Examples include dopamine hyperactivity in schizophrenia, serotonin deficits in depression. Neuroimaging shows differences in brain areas (e.g., prefrontal cortex) in ADHD. Biological models may overemphasize biology and risks over-medicalization.

Psychological Approaches

Psychodynamic: Focuses on unconscious conflicts stemming from early experiences, using techniques like free association, dream analysis, transference-focused therapy.
Behaviorism: Abnormal behavior arises from faulty learning. Techniques include classical conditioning (systematic desensitization, exposure therapy) and operant conditioning (token economies, reinforcement); limitations are focused solely on behavior, not root causes.
Cognitive: Focuses on changing irrational thoughts and cognitive distortions using techniques like cognitive restructuring.
Humanist-Existential: Emphasizes personal meaning, self-actualization, and freedom.

Diagnosis and Classification

DSM-5 vs. ICD: Comparison of autism spectrum classification, highlighting differences in approaches (single vs. categorized) and global vs. US use.
Advantages of DSM-5: Detailed criteria; widely used for research and clinical settings in the USA.
Advantages of ICD: Global use; suitable for international healthcare systems, broadening applicability across cultures.
Critiques of both: DSM-5 risks over-pathologizing, ICD may lack detailed symptom descriptions.

Assessment Methods

Clinical Interviews: Flexibility or bias based on structure (unstructured vs. structured). Gathering information on symptoms, history, and context.
Tests: Psychological tests (e.g., MMPI-2), intelligence tests (WAIS), neuropsychological tests, projective tests (Rorschach, TAT) with strengths and limitations.

Formulation-Based Approaches

Process: Data gathering on problems and context, hypothesizing underlying mechanisms, exploring causes, and developing individualized treatment plans. Example: Integrating psychosocial influences into care for comprehensive care.

Core Clinical Competencies

Assessment: Gather information through interviews and tests.
Formulation: Creating individualized hypotheses and treatment plans.
Intervention: Tailoring treatment to biopsychosocial factors.
Evaluation: Measuring treatment effectiveness.
Research: Incorporating evidence-based practice.

Professional Standards

HCPC, BPS: Prioritize public protection, continuing professional development, client involvement. Emphasize respect, competence, responsibility, integrity, equality, diversity, inclusion when resolving dilemmas, consulting guidance and/or supervisors.

Key Models for Practice

Reflective Practitioner: Continuous self-awareness for ethical, client-centered approaches.
Scientist-Practitioner: Combining research and clinical expertise for evidence-based solutions.

Other Disorders

(Further disorders are detailed below, with focus on diagnosis, symptoms, prevalence, etiology, treatment approaches, and considerations)

Anxiety Disorders (DSM-5): Specific phobias, social anxiety, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder. Fear vs. Anxiety.
Eating Disorders: Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and other similar disorders. Biological risk factors, cultural influence, and gender differences explored.
Mood Disorders (Unipolar & Bipolar): Major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder, Premenstrual Depressive Disorder, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, Bipolar I and II, cyclothymia; symptoms, course, biological/psychological theories, treatment approaches.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Diagnostic criteria and symptoms; complex PTSD. Epidemiology, course, pathophysiology, etiology, psychological and treatment models.
Substance Use Disorders (SUD): Classification, prevalence, characteristics, biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Models of addiction (e.g., opponent process, gateway); treatment.
Personality Disorders (PDs): Clusters A, B, and C, detailed profiles, differentiating disorders (e.g., Borderline vs. Bipolar), etiology, treatment challenges.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Core symptoms, diagnosis, prevalence, comorbidities, developmental impact, etiology, impact on functioning, assessment and treatment approaches.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the key concepts and critiques of abnormal psychology, including definitions based on social and statistical norms. Explore the various factors impacting the diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues, particularly ADHD, along with the implications of stigma and cultural influence.