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Questions and Answers
Which of the following explanations tells us the new and accumulating evidences supporting psychological causes of anxiety?
Criterion B of PTSD states that exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence occurs in one or more of which ways?
What theory in OCD explains the fear of contamination and hypochondriasis?
Wegner's suppression theory
Lady Mormont would most probably diagnose Giant with Somatic Symptom Disorder with predominant pain.
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What is Podrick most likely suffering from?
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Catelyn has low self-esteem and usually feels empty except when she does dangerous things. She is having known her situation, and threatens that she would commit suicide if he suggests getting help or would show signs of leaving her. She can be extremely loving and hateful at the same time. This prevention efforts are targeted at the general public or a whole population group. ____________
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According to Beck and colleagues (1985), people with social anxiety tend to expect that other people will reject or negatively evaluate them. This is consistent with what psychological causal factor of social anxiety?
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Which of the following is true about specific phobia?
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During sleep, we pass through several stages of brain activity, at least partially identified by EEG patterns. During the deepest, most relaxed stage, typically occurring 1 to 2 hours after a person falls asleep, EEG recordings show a pattern of?
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What classical neurochemical theory of depression attributes depression to the depletion of norepinephrine or serotonin?
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Which of the following is true regarding bipolar disorders?
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Sandor Clegane starts experiencing trembling hands and chest pain, which peak within minutes while ascending a tall building. Sandor is likely suffering from?
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Which part of the brain is most associated with anxiety?
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Which of the following is false about people with anorexia nervosa?
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Robb Stark could be diagnosed with:
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Gendry could be diagnosed with:
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What disorder might Arya be suffering from if she eats large quantities of food followed by laxatives and exercises to prevent weight gain?
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What could Sansa be suffering from if she eats large quantities of food and then engages in behaviors to prevent weight gain?
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In this case, what type of memory is affected in Olenna's dissociative amnesia?
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Ejaculation that occurs 1 minute after penetration qualifies as pre-mature ejaculation.
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Stannis might be suffering from:
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Cersei committed what type of suicide?
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Which of the following does not belong with the group?
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Which neurotransmitter is most associated with suicide and violent suicide attempts?
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Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
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Is it advisable or not to take sleeping pills when suffering from disrupted sleep?
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This technique involves instructing individuals in the opposite behavior from the desired outcome. Telling poor sleepers to lie in bed and try to stay awake as long as they can is used to relieve the performance anxiety surrounding efforts to try to fall asleep, this is called _?
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Which of the following is true regarding abnormality?
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What indicator of abnormality is being shown in the situation where someone comes in and sits down right next to you in an empty bus?
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Who is a psychiatrist that uses scientific methods in order to learn about psychological disorders?
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What should Arya do when she did not find anything about kleptomania on the resume of an applicant?
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Which disorder accounts for the biggest global burden?
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What is the main difference between in-vivo exposure and flooding?
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This approach is used by psychoanalytic therapists to foster a transference relationship.
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What explanation of depression would most probably come from Martin Seligman?
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What specifier should be added to the diagnosis of a major depressive episode with a mood-congruent delusion or hallucination?
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What do you call the principle in developmental psychopathology that indicates we must consider multiple paths to an outcome?
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Study Notes
Abnormal Psychology
- Abnormality can be defined using multiple indicators, including subjective distress, deviation from the norm, and violation of social standards.
- There is no single behavior that makes someone abnormal.
Indicators of Abnormality
- Statistical deviancy: deviating from the norm in terms of behavior or characteristics.
- Violation of social standards: violating societal norms and expectations.
- Social discomfort: causing discomfort or disturbance to others.
- Subjective distress: experiencing emotional pain or distress.
Approaches to Abnormality
- Psychoanalytic approach: focuses on underlying intrapsychic conflicts and unconscious motivations.
- Biological approach: focuses on the role of genetics, neurochemistry, and brain function in abnormal behavior.
- Cognitive-behavioral approach: focuses on the role of thought patterns and learned behaviors in abnormal behavior.
Psychological Disorders
- Depression: characterized by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities.
- Major depressive disorder: characterized by one or more major depressive episodes.
- Bipolar disorder: characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression.
- Anxiety disorders: characterized by feelings of anxiety, fear, and apprehension.
- Specific phobia: excessive fear of a specific object or situation.
- Social anxiety disorder: fear of being evaluated or judged by others.
- Intellectual disability: characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.
Research Methods
- Cross-fostering: a research method in which animals are raised by foster parents to study the effects of environment on behavior.
- Analogue studies: studies that use animal models to study human behavior and psychological processes.
Theories of Abnormality
- Monoamine theory of depression: attributes depression to the depletion of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine.
- Learned helplessness theory: attributes depression to the lack of control over one's environment.
- Cognitive theories of depression: focus on the role of thought patterns and cognitive biases in depression.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
- Uses a categorical approach to classify mental disorders.
- Includes five categories of mental status exam: appearance and behavior, intellectual functioning, time awareness, mood and affect, and sensorium.
Psychological Treatment
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy: focuses on changing thought patterns and behaviors to improve mental health.
- Psychodynamic therapy: focuses on exploring unconscious motivations and underlying conflicts to improve mental health.
Other Key Concepts
- Familiar aggregation: the tendency of certain disorders to cluster in families.
- Shared psychosis: a phenomenon in which two or more people share a delusional belief system.
- Genetically determined disorders: disorders that are caused by genetic factors.
- Environmental factors: factors such as upbringing, trauma, and social environment that can contribute to the development of psychological disorders.### Anxiety Disorders
- Benzodiazepines are not always better than antidepressants in treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD).
- Some antidepressants can precipitate manic episodes in people with unipolar depression.
- In the long term, drugs may not be more effective than psychological treatments.
- Bipolar disorders are not more prevalent in females than males.
Panic Disorder
- In DSM-5, some cases of panic disorder do not involve agoraphobia.
- To meet the criteria for panic disorder, a person must experience an unexpected panic attack and develop substantial anxiety over the possibility of having another attack.
- In severe cases of panic disorder and agoraphobia, a person may be unable to leave their house for years.
- A person with panic disorder may avoid doing exercise due to persistent worry about another panic attack.
Parts of the Brain Associated with Anxiety
- The limbic system is the part of the brain most associated with anxiety.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) vs. Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD)
- In BDD, the individual is excessively concerned about and preoccupied with a perceived defect in their physical features, while in SSD, the concern reflects fear of underlying illness, not a defect in appearance.
- In SSD, the individual has extensive worries about their health, while in BDD, low mood and anhedonia should be present.
Anxiety Theories
- One theory explaining the accumulation of evidence supporting psychological causes of anxiety is that anxiety was the product of early classical conditioning, modeling, and other forms of learning.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- OCD is associated with reduced quality of life and high levels of social and occupational impairment.
- Impairment in people diagnosed with OCD is usually caused by avoidance of situations, time spent obsessing and doing compulsions, and comorbidity with major depressive disorder.
- Worry is the central feature of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD).
- Reinforcing properties of worry that continue to perpetuate its impact on people with GAD include superstitious avoidance of catastrophe, avoidance of deeper emotional topics, coping and preparation, and cognitive biases for threatening information.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Criterion B of PTSD states that exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one or more of the four ways (direct experience, witnessing, learning about the trauma, or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event) is required for diagnosis.
- Peritraumatic environmental factors, such as socioeconomic status, education, and parental quarrels, can contribute to the development of PTSD.
Somatic Symptom Disorder
- Research shows that most people diagnosed with hypochondriasis using earlier versions of DSM would be diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder using DSM-5.
- Somatic symptom disorder is characterized by excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors associated with somatic symptoms.
Factitious Disorder
- Factitious disorder is characterized by deliberate and intentional production of physical or psychological symptoms, whereas malingering is characterized by the intentional production of symptoms for secondary gain.
Dissociative Disorders
- Dissociative amnesia is a type of amnesia that involves the inability to recall important information about oneself or events, especially those that are traumatic or stressful.
- Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by the disruption of identity, which may be reported by the individual or observed by others.
- Dissociative fugue is a type of amnesia that involves sudden, unexpected travel away from home or work, accompanied by a complete loss of memory for the past.
Bipolar Disorder
- Rapid cycling pattern in bipolar disorder is characterized by the experience of four manic or depressive episodes within a year.
Assessment of Sexual Desire
- Assessing sexual desire is difficult, and questions that can help in clinical judgment include frequency of sexual activity, presence of sexual fantasies, and craving for sex.
Theories of Dissociative Identity Disorder
- One theory suggests that DID results from a highly suggestible individual learning to adopt different identities as a way to cope with trauma.### Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
- Refers to temporary loss of one's sense of self and reality
- Depersonalization refers to temporary loss of sense of self
- Derealization refers to temporary loss of sense of reality of the outside world
- There are no clear treatments for this disorder biologically and psychologically
- Absence of memory fragmentation is observed in people with this disorder
Memory Disorders
- Partial or total inability to retain new information
- Types:
- Retrograde amnesia: inability to recall past events
- Anterograde amnesia: inability to form new memories
- Dissociative amnesia: inability to recall information about oneself
- Dissociative fugue: sudden, unexpected travel away from home or work with inability to recall past
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
- Characterized by sudden, dramatic changes in behavior, speech, and relationships
- Individuals with DID may experience memory lapses or gaps
Suicide
- Interpersonal theory of suicide: person perceives themselves as a burden on others and diminished sense of belonging leads to hopelessness and suicide
- Sex differences in suicide: males are more likely to commit suicide than females, often using violent methods
- Anomic suicide: occurs when social norms and values are unclear or conflicting
- Altruistic suicide: occurs when individual sacrifices oneself for the benefit of others
- Egoistic suicide: occurs when individual is not integrated into society and lacks social support
- Fatalistic suicide: occurs when individual feels trapped and helpless in a situation
Eating Disorders
- Factors contributing to etiology: biological, sociocultural, psychological, and medical
- Individuals with anorexia nervosa: often have dry skin, brittle hair or nails, and sensitivity to cold temperatures; may experience obsessive-compulsive disorder; seek treatment on their own
- Individuals with bulimia nervosa: may experience electrolyte imbalance, resulting in serious medical concerns; may engage in bingeing and purging behaviors
- Binge-eating disorder: characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating
Sleeping Disorders
- Paradoxical intention: technique involves instructing individuals to engage in opposite behavior from the desired outcome (e.g., telling poor sleepers to lie in bed and try to stay awake)
- Graduated extinction: technique involves gradually reducing attention and reinforcement for undesired behavior
Stress and Anxiety
- Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome: body responds to sustained stress in stages, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
- Type A behavior pattern: characterized by excessive competitive drive, sense of always being pressured for time, impatience, and angry outbursts
Personality Disorders
- Antisocial personality disorder: characterized by lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, and irresponsibility
- Borderline personality disorder: characterized by instability in relationships, emotions, and self-image
- Avoidant personality disorder: characterized by feelings of inadequacy, social withdrawal, and fear of criticism or rejection
- Narcissistic personality disorder: characterized by grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
Substance Use Disorders
- Substance use: use of substances in a way that deviates from societal norms
- Substance intoxication: temporary, reversible effects of substance use
- Substance abuse: continued use of substances despite negative consequences
- Substance dependence: physical or psychological need for substance
Schizophrenia
- Positive symptoms: hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly abnormal motor behavior
- Negative symptoms: alogia, avolition
- Delusions: persecutory, delusions of grandeur, erotomatic, and delusions of reference
- Scheme in understanding delusions: sees these beliefs as resulting from brain dysfunction that create disordered cognitions or perceptions
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Description
This quiz tests your knowledge of abnormal psychology, covering topics such as abnormality, depression, and anxiety. Identify the correct answers to demonstrate your understanding of the subject.
