Abnormal Psychology and Mental Health

What is mental health according to the World Health Organization?

The ability to work productively and contribute to the community
Absence of psychological disorders
A state of well-being in which an individual realizes their abilities and can cope with normal stresses (correct)
A state of happiness and contentment

Which of the following is a characteristic of clinical disorders?

A normal response to a stressful event
A personality trait
A significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior (correct)
A temporary emotional state

What is the purpose of the DSM-5?

To provide a framework for diagnosing and treating mental health disorders (correct)
To diagnose and treat mental health disorders
To assess the severity of psychological disorders
To identify the causes of mental health disorders

What is the main issue with assessing abnormal behavior?

Defining what is normal and abnormal behavior (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the continuum of behavior that psychologists use to understand abnormal behavior?

Normal → psychological disorder → very severe psychological disorder (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC) in decision-making?

Assigns value to decisions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the personality assessment tool that measures Jungian types and is commonly used in business?

MBTI (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where people believe personality descriptions specifically apply to them, while the description applies to mostly everyone?

The Barnum Effect (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the projective test that involves viewing a series of inkblots and describing what you see?

Rorschach Inkblot Tests (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of abnormal behavior according to the text?

Not culturally accepted, statistically uncommon, and causes distress or dysfunction (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated range of genetic heritability for personality disorders?

40-50% (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of Paranoid Personality Disorder?

Believing that others are exploiting or deceiving the person (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the concept that personality disorders are extremes of normal personality?

The Big 5 of personality disorders (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of individuals with BPD who report prior abuse?

73% (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster of personality disorders does Paranoid Personality Disorder belong to?

Cluster A (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence rate of Schizoid Personality Disorder?

3.1% to 4.9% (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by instability in mood, relationships, and self-esteem?

Borderline Personality Disorder (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of symptoms required for a diagnosis of Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

At least 5 (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by a constant need for admiration and a sense of privilege and entitlement?

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (C) Signup and view all the answers

At what age can Antisocial Personality Disorder be diagnosed?

At age 18 or older (A) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people will experience at least one schizophrenic episode in their lifetime in the US?

1% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a psychotic episode that lasts less than a month?

Brief psychotic disorder (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue with the dopamine imbalance hypothesis?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of family interventions in treating schizophrenia?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the involuntary movement of the lower face, limbs, and other body parts associated with antipsychotic medications?

Tardive dyskinesia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence rate of Dependent Personality Disorder?

0.4-0.6% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in anxiety?

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the medication used to treat anxiety, which increases the effectiveness of GABA?

Benzodiazepines (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated prevalence rate of Avoidant Personality Disorder?

2.3-5.1% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of psychotherapy in treating personality disorders?

To help the individual develop more adaptive coping mechanisms (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Antisocial Personality Disorder?

Deceitfulness and a lack of remorse (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the neurotransmitter that plays a role in the regulation of communication in the brain?

Glutamate (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder?

Perfectionism and a preoccupation with orderliness (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the pattern of hospitalization and re-hospitalization for individuals with Schizophrenia?

Revolving door pattern (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of medication in treating Schizophrenia?

To reduce positive symptoms (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge in diagnosing mental health issues?

Determining the categorical or dimensional nature of phenomena (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of delusions in schizophrenia?

A false belief, unshakeable even when presented with contradictory evidence (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Flat affect (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a diagnostic criterion for schizophrenia?

At least one symptom must be a delusion, hallucination, or disorganised speech (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge in understanding the causes of abnormal behavior?

The complexity of multilevel interactions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Preconscious according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

To control moral and rule-bound behavior, including ideals and ethics (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what occurs when sexual energy is stuck or fixated at various stages of psychosexual development?

The occurrence of conflicts that can leave a deep imprint on adult personality (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of psychosexual development is characterized by a focus on oral pleasure and occurs up to the age of 2 years?

Oral stage (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle according to which the Conscious operates, according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Reality principle (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process of channeling energy into social and intellectual pursuits, which occurs during the latency stage of psychosexual development?

Sublimation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which environment influences personality development, according to the text?

Interactions with external rules and experiences (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Central Executive in the cognitive approach?

To control attention, memory, and decision making (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between the nomothetic and idiographic approaches to personality?

Nomothetic approach focuses on universal traits, while idiographic approach focuses on individual traits (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of adult psychological development, according to humanistic psychology?

Achieving self-actualization (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of incongruence between an individual's self and their actions, according to humanistic psychology?

Anxiety (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Social-Cognitive Theory, what determines personality?

Both external and internal factors, which interact with each other (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approach that focuses on identifying personality characteristics that can be represented along a continuum, according to the text?

Trait approach (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary criticism of the Trait Approach, according to Walter Mischel?

It is not a reliable predictor of behaviour, as behaviour depends on the environment (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the criticism of the biological approach to personality development, according to the text?

It attributes personality to inherited predispositions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Factor Analysis in personality research?

To reduce data complexity and identify common patterns in variables (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the primary cause of anxiety in an individual?

Unconscious conflicts between the ego and id (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Freudian theory?

Too narrow and specific (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of defense mechanisms according to Freud?

To redirect unacceptable impulses into acceptable outlets (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, which stage of psychosexual development is associated with the development of the ego?

Anal stage (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the Humanistic Approach to personality?

Focusing on the healthier aspects of human behavior and personal growth (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the psychoanalytic approach and the humanistic approach to personality?

Focus on individual differences vs. human potential (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept behind Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

That human behavior is driven by the desire to fulfill basic needs before moving on to higher-level needs (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of peak experiences, according to Maslow?

A state of complete absorption in an activity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is Abraham Maslow's critique of traditional psychology?

That it focuses too much on psychopathology, rather than health and thriving (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the Humanistic Approach, according to Maslow?

The emphasis on self-reflection and personal choice (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of the Law of Effect?

It views human behavior as simple and assumes individuals are a 'blank slate' (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Social Learning Theory, what process is involved in learning new behaviors through observation?

Observational learning (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the unwritten rules for how to behave in a particular social group or culture?

Social norms (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept that explains how we can learn new behaviors and generate our own reinforcers without direct experience of rewards and punishments?

Observational learning (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept that explains how our behavior is shaped by our expectations of rewards and punishments?

Behavior potential (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the lexical approach in understanding personality?

To identify universal traits that capture personality (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criticism of the lexical approach in understanding personality?

It assumes personality is captured in everyday language (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the HEXACO model of personality?

A model that includes six universal traits: Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Raymond Cattell's work on personality traits?

To simplify the 18,000 traits identified by Allport and Odbert into a more manageable number (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of factor analysis in understanding personality traits?

It is a subjective approach that relies on researcher interpretation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary criticism of the Big Five personality traits?

They are too broad and do not capture individual differences (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of trait theory in understanding personality?