Abnormal Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does abnormal psychology primarily deal with?

Abnormal psychology primarily deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior.

Why is the term 'abnormal' considered debatable in psychology?

The term 'abnormal' is debatable because definitions of normality can shift over time and vary by cultural standards.

What are some common characteristics of abnormal behavior?

Common characteristics include infrequency, distress, impaired functioning, and social disruption.

How does abnormal behavior affect an individual's daily life?

<p>Abnormal behavior can impair an individual's ability to function normally, affecting relationships and daily activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What population statistic highlights the prevalence of mental illness in the U.S.?

<p>Nearly one in five U.S. adults live with a mental illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do counselors and psychologists play in the field of abnormal psychology?

<p>Counselors and psychologists work directly in the field of abnormal psychology, often providing clinical interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is statistical infrequency insufficient as a sole definition of abnormal behavior?

<p>Statistical infrequency alone is insufficient because it doesn't account for healthy, desirable behaviors that may also be infrequent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes abnormal behavior from other rare behaviors?

<p>Abnormal behavior is distinguished by the distress it causes to the individual or others and its social disruption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does reinforcement theory suggest about our behaviors?

<p>Reinforcement theory suggests that we repeat behaviors that lead to positive outcomes or remove negative outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do positive and negative reinforcement differ in shaping behavior?

<p>Positive reinforcement involves adding a reward to increase a behavior, while negative reinforcement entails removing an adverse stimulus to encourage a specific behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of self-determination theory?

<p>Self-determination theory focuses on intrinsic motivation and argues that motivation should come from within rather than from external rewards or punishments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the three psychological needs described in self-determination theory.

<p>The three psychological needs are autonomy, competence, and relatedness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is autonomy important for motivation according to self-determination theory?

<p>Autonomy allows individuals to feel they have a choice and ownership over their behavior, which is essential for fostering intrinsic motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does competence play in motivating individuals?

<p>Competence helps individuals feel knowledgeable and capable, thereby boosting their confidence and intrinsic motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can relatedness be fostered within a team setting?

<p>Relatedness can be fostered through team bonding activities and creating spaces for personal connections among team members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes intrinsic motivation from extrinsic motivation?

<p>Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal satisfaction from the activity itself, while extrinsic motivation is influenced by external rewards or punishments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do past experiences with activities influence future motivations, as mentioned in the content?

<p>Past experiences can alter motivations; for instance, if an enjoyable activity becomes a job, both intrinsic and extrinsic motivators may change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can managers do to create an environment conducive to high levels of motivation?

<p>Managers can create a motivating environment by addressing autonomy, providing skill development, and fostering team relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key characteristics that define abnormal behavior?

<p>Abnormal behavior is characterized by distress, dysfunction, and social disruption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the psychoanalytic approach emphasize in understanding abnormal behavior?

<p>The psychoanalytic approach emphasizes unconscious thoughts, desires, and memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the behavioral approach differ from psychoanalytic therapy?

<p>The behavioral approach focuses on observable behaviors rather than underlying thoughts and feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the medical approach in abnormal psychology?

<p>The medical approach focuses on biological causes of mental illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cognitive therapies address psychological disorders?

<p>Cognitive therapies focus on changing internal thoughts and perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two types of anxiety disorders mentioned in the content.

<p>Social anxiety disorder and panic disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one criticism of the field of abnormal psychology?

<p>One criticism is that it can stigmatize vulnerable or oppressed individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major manual do mental health professionals use for diagnosing psychological disorders?

<p>The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly explain the concept of correlational research in abnormal psychology.

<p>Correlational research examines relationships between variables without establishing cause and effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism exists regarding the medical approach to mental illness?

<p>It often focuses solely on biological and genetic determinants, neglecting holistic perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are neurodevelopmental disorders, and provide one example.

<p>Neurodevelopmental disorders are conditions that arise during development; an example is autism spectrum disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the significance of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

<p>CBT combines cognitive and behavioral approaches to address thought patterns and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a personality disorder? Provide one example.

<p>A personality disorder involves enduring patterns of behavior that deviate from cultural expectations; an example is borderline personality disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for psychologists to use multiple approaches in treating psychological disorders?

<p>Using multiple approaches allows for a more comprehensive understanding and treatment of mental health issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the Medical Perspective in abnormal psychology?

<p>The Medical Perspective focuses on psychological disorders as having underlying biological causes, similar to physical diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Psychodynamic Perspective explain psychological disorders?

<p>The Psychodynamic Perspective attributes psychological disorders to unresolved unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Behavioral Perspective, what influences the development of abnormal behaviors?

<p>Abnormal behaviors are influenced by interactions with the environment through maladaptive learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do distorted thought patterns play in the Cognitive Perspective of abnormal psychology?

<p>Distorted thought patterns can lead to negative emotions and behaviors, contributing to psychological disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Socio-Cultural Perspective view the impact of society on psychological disorders?

<p>The Socio-Cultural Perspective highlights the influence of cultural and societal factors on the expression of psychological disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does abnormal psychology study?

<p>Abnormal psychology studies behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that fall outside statistical or societal norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes content theories from process theories in motivation?

<p>Content theories focus on what motivates people, while process theories examine the thought processes behind motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five tiers in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

<p>The five tiers are Physiological needs, Safety needs, Love and belonging, Esteem, and Self-actualization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do basic needs influence behavior according to Maslow's hierarchy?

<p>Basic needs must be satisfied before individuals seek higher-level needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some core concepts of abnormal psychology?

<p>Abnormal psychology core concepts include the idea that abnormality can be viewed from different perspectives and that mental disorders often have multiple causes, including genetics and experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of self-actualization in Maslow's theory?

<p>Self-actualization represents the ability to realize one’s full potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the Socio-Cultural Perspective consider treatment and recovery?

<p>It considers how cultural beliefs and social support systems influence the treatment and recovery of psychological disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the study of abnormal psychology originate?

<p>The study of abnormal psychology dates back to ancient Greece and gained momentum during the late 1800s with thinkers like Sigmund Freud.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of therapies are derived from the Behavioral Perspective?

<p>Therapies such as behavior therapy, exposure therapy, and systematic desensitization are derived from this perspective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the study of abnormal psychology important?

<p>It enhances our understanding of mental disorders' causes and helps develop effective treatment methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does culture play in defining abnormality?

<p>Culture influences how abnormality is perceived, as behaviors considered abnormal in one culture may be normal in another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of motivational theories?

<p>Motivational theories explore the forces that drive individuals to achieve specific outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Psychodynamic therapy aim to achieve?

<p>Psychodynamic therapy aims to resolve unconscious conflicts by bringing them to consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of abnormal psychology?

<p>Abnormal psychology focuses on understanding, classifying, diagnosing, and treating psychological disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of conditions are studied within abnormal psychology?

<p>Conditions studied include anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, and schizophrenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why has terminology in abnormal psychology shifted in recent years?

<p>Terminology has shifted to reduce stigma and promote a more compassionate approach to mental health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'abnormal' signify in abnormal psychology?

<p>The term 'abnormal' signifies behaviors or emotions that deviate from statistical or societal norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does research differ from practice in abnormal psychology?

<p>Research aims to increase knowledge and understanding, while practice focuses on solving real-world mental health issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding multiple causes for mental disorders?

<p>Recognizing multiple causes helps in creating tailored treatment approaches for individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential challenge with the definition of 'abnormal'?

<p>Determining what is 'normal' can be subjective and influenced by shifting societal norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does language have on the perception of mental health conditions?

<p>Language can either perpetuate stigma or promote understanding, depending on the terms used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does abnormal psychology differ from other branches of psychology?

<p>Abnormal psychology specifically studies atypical behavior and mental disorders, while other branches may focus on normal behavior or development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can societal changes influence perceptions of abnormality? How?

<p>Yes, societal changes can redefine what is considered abnormal as cultural norms evolve over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatments did early psychologists like Freud advocate for mental health conditions?

<p>Early psychologists like Freud advocated for methods including talk therapy to treat mental health conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Maslow clarify about the hierarchical arrangement of needs?

<p>Maslow clarifies that his hierarchy of needs is interdependent, and one does not need to fully satisfy one level before addressing the next.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the misconception about the pyramid associated with Maslow's hierarchy?

<p>The pyramid was popularized by another psychologist and is considered misleading since needs are not strictly sequential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the base requirements that must be met according to Maslow's hierarchy before increasing employee motivation?

<p>Base requirements include job security, adequate pay, and safe working conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main factors identified by Herzberg in his motivation-hygiene theory?

<p>The two factors are hygiene factors, which prevent dissatisfaction, and motivators, which enhance satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Herzberg's theory, what role do hygiene factors play in employee satisfaction?

<p>Hygiene factors are essential as their absence causes dissatisfaction, while their presence maintains satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Vroom's expectancy theory, what do instrumentality and expectancy refer to?

<p>Instrumentality refers to the belief that a reward is linked to performance, while expectancy refers to the belief that increased effort will lead to a better reward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key takeaway from Vroom's expectancy theory for managers?

<p>Managers should understand what rewards each team member values to connect performance with desired outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does reinforcement theory focus on in terms of employee behavior?

<p>Reinforcement theory focuses on how rewards and punishments can shape and influence employee behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory be applied in a practical workplace setting?

<p>It can be applied by ensuring basic hygiene factors are satisfied before introducing motivators to enhance employee motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for managers to consider both Maslow's and Herzberg's theories together?

<p>Combining both theories provides a comprehensive framework to ensure both basic needs and motivational factors are addressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of motivation does Vroom’s theory emphasize regarding employee decisions?

<p>Vroom’s theory emphasizes that employees make decisions based on their expectations of pleasure and pain from outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn from Herzberg's findings during his interviews with employees?

<p>Herzberg concluded that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from different factors that need to be independently addressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the understanding of Maslow's hierarchy help leaders in managing their teams?

<p>It allows leaders to ensure that fundamental needs are fulfilled before attempting to motivate higher-level needs in employees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to increased employee motivation according to Herzberg's theory?

<p>Increased employee motivation can occur when motivators such as recognition and opportunities for advancement are present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Abnormal Psychology

The branch of psychology studying psychopathology and unusual behavior patterns related to mental health issues.

Abnormal Behavior

Behaviors causing problems in a person's life or disrupting others, potentially requiring mental health intervention.

Defining Abnormality

Evaluating if behavior creates problems, causes distress, impacts daily functioning, and disrupts social norms.

Statistical Infrequency

A behavior's rarity alone is not a valid definition of abnormality, as many positive behaviors are rare too.

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Distress

The level of emotional discomfort a behavior causes to the person exhibiting it or others.

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Impaired Functioning

How a behavior affects a person's ability to perform daily tasks effectively.

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Social Disruption

The extent to which a behavior violates social norms, making social interaction difficult.

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Mental Illness Prevalence

About one in five U.S. adults experience a mental health condition.

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Abnormal Psychology Focus

Focuses on behaviors causing distress, hindering functioning, or being socially disruptive, rather than just statistical infrequency.

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Psychoanalytic Approach

Abnormal behaviors stem from unconscious thoughts, desires, and memories. Therapy involves examining memories, behaviors, thoughts, and dreams to address these.

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Behavioral Approach

Focuses on observable behaviors, reinforcing positive behaviors, and avoiding maladaptive ones using behavioral strategies like conditioning.

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Medical Approach

Focuses on biological causes of mental illness, searching for physical factors like genetics, illness, infections, and chemical imbalances.

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Cognitive Approach

Focuses on the role of internal thoughts, perceptions, and reasoning in psychological disorders. Treatments aim to change thoughts and reactions.

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Psychological Disorders

Patterns of behavioral or psychological symptoms affecting multiple aspects of life and causing distress.

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Published by the APA, used by mental health professionals to diagnose disorders, showing prevalence and diagnostic criteria.

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Anxiety Disorders

Group of disorders involving excessive fear and anxiety, including social anxiety, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder.

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Mood Disorders

Disorders characterized by significant shifts in mood, including depression and bipolar disorder.

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Correlational Research

Used to explore relationships between variables in abnormal psychology, often because experimental manipulation is unethical or impossible.

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Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Disorders like autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability that affect development.

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Neurocognitive Disorders

Disorders affecting cognitive functions as in, for example, in delirium

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Personality Disorders

Patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that significantly impair an individual's interactions with others and lead to distress. Examples include borderline personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.

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Substance Use Disorders

Problems related to the use of drugs or alcohol, affecting multiple parts of life.

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Medical Perspective

Views psychological disorders as physical illnesses with biological causes (genes, brain chemistry, etc.).

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Psychodynamic Perspective

Explains disorders through unconscious conflicts and unresolved childhood experiences.

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Behavioral Perspective

Emphasizes learning and how behaviors are shaped by environment through reinforcement, punishment, and conditioning.

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Cognitive Perspective

Focuses on distorted thoughts and how they influence emotions and behaviors.

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Socio-Cultural Perspective

Examines cultural influences, societal norms, and environmental factors impacting disorders.

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Motivation Theory

Explores the forces that drive individuals towards a particular outcome, focusing on what motivates people to take action.

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Content Theories

Focus on the factors that motivate behaviors, such as basic needs, rewards, and acknowledgement.

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Process Theories

Focus on the thought processes that influence motivation, such as expectations, beliefs, and behavioral patterns.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Outlines five levels of human needs, starting with basic physiological needs and culminating in self-actualization.

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Physiological Needs

The most basic needs for survival, including food, water, shelter, sleep, and safety.

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Safety Needs

Needs for security, stability, and protection from threats, including personal safety, employment, and health.

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Love and Belonging Needs

Needs for social connection, intimacy, and belonging to a group or community.

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Esteem Needs

Needs for self-respect, confidence, achievement, and recognition by others.

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Self-Actualization

The highest level of needs, focusing on personal growth, reaching full potential, and fulfilling one's purpose.

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Multiple Causes of Mental Disorders

Mental health issues often arise from a combination of factors, including genetics, experiences, and environment.

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Cultural Impact on Abnormality

What's considered abnormal varies across cultures, highlighting the influence of societal norms and values.

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Origins of Abnormal Psychology

The study of abnormal behavior dates back to ancient Greece, with modern approaches emerging in the late 1800s.

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Talk Therapy's Emergence

Sigmund Freud and other thinkers in the late 1800s and early 1900s pioneered the idea of treating mental health conditions through conversation.

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Importance of Abnormal Psychology

This field helps us understand the causes of mental disorders and develop effective treatments.

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Spectrum of Mental Health

Mental health disorders are recognized as a wide range of conditions, including anxiety, mood disorders, and eating disorders, among others.

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Shift in Terminology

The field has moved away from terms like 'abnormal psychology' to 'psychological disorders' or 'mental health conditions' to reduce stigma.

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Beyond Negative Connotations

'Abnormal' shouldn't be perceived negatively, rather as behavior or emotion deviating from norms.

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Fluidity of Social Norms

Determining what's 'normal' is challenging as social norms shift over time, making a standard definition elusive.

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Branches of Psychology

Psychology has various branches, including abnormal psychology, focusing on atypical behavior and mental health conditions.

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Research vs. Practice in Abnormal Psychology

Research aims to increase knowledge and understanding of mental disorders, while practice involves applying this knowledge to real-world problems.

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Defining Abnormal Behavior

Abnormal behavior deviates from social norms and expectations, potentially causing problems or distress for the individual or others.

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Evolving Understanding of Mental Health

Our understanding of mental health is constantly evolving, leading to new discoveries and improved treatments.

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Reinforcement Theory

A theory stating that behaviors are shaped by their consequences. Behaviors with positive outcomes (positive reinforcement) or those that end negative outcomes (negative reinforcement) are more likely to be repeated.

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Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation that comes from within, driven by personal satisfaction and enjoyment of the task itself.

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Autonomous Motivation

Motivation that arises from a sense of self-determination and alignment with personal values and goals.

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Controlled Motivation

Motivation driven by external factors like rewards, punishments, or social pressure.

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Self-Determination Theory

A theory focusing on intrinsic motivation, suggesting people are most motivated when given autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

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Autonomy in Work

The feeling of having control and choice over one's work, including flexible schedules and decision-making power.

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Competence in Work

The feeling of being skilled and knowledgeable in one's work, developed through training and learning opportunities.

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Relatedness in Work

A sense of belonging and connection with colleagues through teamwork, communication, and social activities.

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Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by external factors like rewards, punishments, or expectations.

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Motivation is a Choice

Leaders can create environments that encourage intrinsic motivation by providing autonomy, competence, and relatedness to their teams.

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Interdependent Needs

In Maslow's theory, needs are not strictly sequential but interlinked, meaning one need's satisfaction can influence another.

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Hygiene Factors in Herzberg's Theory

Basic work conditions, such as pay, safety, and policies, which prevent dissatisfaction but don't necessarily motivate.

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Motivators in Herzberg's Theory

Factors like recognition, advancement, and challenging work, which increase motivation and job satisfaction.

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Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

A theory proposing two distinct factors influencing job satisfaction: hygiene factors that prevent dissatisfaction and motivators that increase satisfaction.

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Vroom's Expectancy Theory

A theory suggesting that motivation stems from conscious choices based on expected outcomes, with individuals pursuing pleasure and avoiding pain.

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Instrumentality in Vroom's Theory

The belief that a reward will be given if performance is achieved.

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Expectancy in Vroom's Theory

The belief that increased effort will lead to better performance.

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Operant Conditioning

Learning through associating behaviors with consequences, where positive consequences increase behavior, and negative consequences decrease it.

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Law of Effect

The principle that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated.

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Maslow's Hierarchy in the Workplace

The application of Maslow's theory to work environments, suggesting that basic necessities must be met before employees can reach higher needs like self-actualization.

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Herzberg's Theory in Practice

Using Herzberg's theory, managers can identify and address hygiene factors to prevent dissatisfaction and then focus on motivators to increase employee satisfaction and motivation.

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Vroom's Theory in Practice

Implementing Vroom's theory involves understanding each employee's values and then connecting their performance to those values with rewards or consequences.

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Reinforcement Theory in Practice

Applying reinforcement theory in the workplace involves using positive reinforcement, such as recognition and praise, to encourage desired behaviors.

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Study Notes

Abnormal Psychology

  • Branch of psychology focusing on psychopathology and abnormal behavior (patterns of emotions, thoughts, behaviors).
  • Covers a wide range of disorders, from depression to OCD to personality disorders.
  • "Abnormal" is debated; social norms change, making a standard definition challenging.
  • Focuses on the level of distress caused by behaviors, thoughts, or emotions, not just if they are "normal" or "abnormal."
  • Professionals like counselors, psychologists, and psychotherapists often work in clinical settings.

Defining Abnormality

  • Abnormal behavior significantly impacts a person's life or disrupts others, potentially requiring mental health intervention.
  • NIMH data: nearly 1 in 5 US adults experience a mental illness.
  • Characteristics often used to define abnormality:
    • Infrequent occurrence, but infrequency alone isn't sufficient; some healthy behaviors are also infrequent.
    • Creates distress for the individual or others.
    • Impacts a person's ability to function daily (relationships, work, school, home).
    • Socially disruptive, violating norms and affecting social relationships.

Four Approaches to Abnormal Psychology

  • Psychoanalytic: Focuses on unconscious thoughts, desires, and memories influencing conscious actions (Freud's theories).

  • Behavioral: Focuses on observable behaviors. Therapy addresses maladaptive behaviors via reinforcement and conditioning.

  • Medical: Emphasizes biological causes (genetics, physical illnesses, infections, chemical imbalances). Treatments are often pharmacological or combined with psychotherapy.

  • Cognitive: Focuses on internal thoughts, perceptions, and their impact on psychological disorders. Therapy aims to modify these thought patterns, sometimes combined with behavioral techniques (e.g., CBT).

  • Multiple perspectives often combined to understand and treat psychological disorders.

Topics in Abnormal Psychology

  • Study, understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders (patterns of symptoms impacting life).
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5): Published by the American Psychiatric Association, used for diagnosis; includes various disorder categories (anxiety, mood, neurodevelopmental, neurocognitive, personality, substance use).

Criticisms of Abnormal Psychology

  • Stigmatizes vulnerable individuals.
  • Pathologizes normal variations.
  • Medical approach may overemphasize biological factors, neglecting holistic aspects.
  • Cultural differences in "normalcy" aren't fully accounted for.
  • Research suggests studying abnormal psychology hasn't reduced mental illness stigma.

How Psychological Disorders Are Diagnosed

  • Correlational research designs are frequently used due to ethical and practical limitations on experimental manipulation of variables.

Motivation Theory

  • Explores forces driving behaviors towards specific outcomes (a framework, not a single theory).
  • Two main categories:
    • Content theories: Highlight needs (e.g., Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg's Two Factor Theory).
    • Process theories: Focus on thought processes (e.g., Vroom's Expectancy Theory, Reinforcement Theory, Self-Determination Theory).

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  • Five tiers of human needs (physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization).
  • Needs build on each other, but are interdependent.
  • Leaders should prioritize basic needs.

Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

  • Hygiene factors (work conditions, pay, supervision): Absence creates dissatisfaction; presence maintains steady satisfaction.
  • Motivators (recognition, advancement): Presence increases motivation.
  • Complementary to Maslow's theory, focusing on practical workplace applications.

Vroom's Expectancy Theory

  • People make choices based on anticipated outcomes.
  • Individuals value outcomes differently; consider instrumental and expectancy factors (reward correlation and increased reward with effort).
  • Leaders should understand value systems to motivate individuals.

Reinforcement Theory

  • Operant conditioning: Behaviors are shaped by consequences.
  • Reinforcement (positive or negative) increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
  • Simple cause-and-effect model.

Self-Determination Theory

  • Focuses on intrinsic motivation (driven by internal goals, beliefs).
  • Based on three psychological needs:
    • Autonomy (choice).
    • Competence (capability, knowledge).
    • Relatedness (connection to others).
  • Needs fostering intrinsic motivation are crucial.

Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation

  • Intrinsic motivation: Driven by inherent satisfaction from an activity.
  • Extrinsic motivation: Driven by external rewards or punishments.
  • The two can coexist; intrinsic motivation can weaken as an activity becomes a job.

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Explore the branch of psychology dedicated to understanding abnormal behavior and psychopathology. This quiz covers various disorders such as depression, OCD, and personality disorders while considering how social norms influence definitions of abnormality. Engage with the characteristics that qualify behaviors as abnormal and their implications for mental health.

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