Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a key criteria for determining abnormal behavior?
Which of the following is NOT a key criteria for determining abnormal behavior?
What was a common belief about the cause of abnormal behavior in ancient times?
What was a common belief about the cause of abnormal behavior in ancient times?
Which model, emerging in the 1790s, began to emphasize disease and illness as the root of abnormal behavior?
Which model, emerging in the 1790s, began to emphasize disease and illness as the root of abnormal behavior?
What is the primary function of the DSM in mental health care?
What is the primary function of the DSM in mental health care?
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Which version of the DSM introduced a multiaxial system for diagnosis?
Which version of the DSM introduced a multiaxial system for diagnosis?
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Which significant change was made in the DSM-5?
Which significant change was made in the DSM-5?
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Which of the following is a disorder that has been included in the DSM-5?
Which of the following is a disorder that has been included in the DSM-5?
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What is a potential downside of assigning a diagnostic label from the DSM?
What is a potential downside of assigning a diagnostic label from the DSM?
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Which personality disorder is characterized by egocentrism, impulsivity, and manipulation of others?
Which personality disorder is characterized by egocentrism, impulsivity, and manipulation of others?
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A person experiencing significant instability in mood, relationships, and self-image, might be diagnosed with which disorder?
A person experiencing significant instability in mood, relationships, and self-image, might be diagnosed with which disorder?
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Which of the following is considered a primary cause of dissociative identity disorder?
Which of the following is considered a primary cause of dissociative identity disorder?
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Which of the following is a core feature of anxiety disorders?
Which of the following is a core feature of anxiety disorders?
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What is the term for the co-occurrence of a substance-related disorder and another psychological disorder in the same individual?
What is the term for the co-occurrence of a substance-related disorder and another psychological disorder in the same individual?
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In the context of gender and depression, what factor is stated as a possible explanation for the higher incidence of depression in women?
In the context of gender and depression, what factor is stated as a possible explanation for the higher incidence of depression in women?
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Persistent worry about different aspects of life, muscle tension, and difficulty sleeping are most characteristic of which anxiety disorder?
Persistent worry about different aspects of life, muscle tension, and difficulty sleeping are most characteristic of which anxiety disorder?
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What is a 'culture-bound' symptom in the context of abnormal behavior?
What is a 'culture-bound' symptom in the context of abnormal behavior?
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A sudden panic attack characterized by chest pain, rapid heartbeat, and fear of dying is most indicative of which disorder?
A sudden panic attack characterized by chest pain, rapid heartbeat, and fear of dying is most indicative of which disorder?
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Which of the following is a shared trait among those with inflexible personality disorders?
Which of the following is a shared trait among those with inflexible personality disorders?
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An individual who experiences an intense and irrational fear of spiders, leading to avoidance behaviors, is most likely suffering from:
An individual who experiences an intense and irrational fear of spiders, leading to avoidance behaviors, is most likely suffering from:
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Recurrent, intrusive thoughts, such as a fear of contamination, and repetitive actions, like excessive hand-washing, are indicative of:
Recurrent, intrusive thoughts, such as a fear of contamination, and repetitive actions, like excessive hand-washing, are indicative of:
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of Borderline Personality Disorder?
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Which of the following best describes the primary characteristic of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
Which of the following best describes the primary characteristic of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
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What is a major biological factor contributing to Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
What is a major biological factor contributing to Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Which of the following is NOT considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
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Which disorder is characterized by repeated episodes of both mania and depression?
Which disorder is characterized by repeated episodes of both mania and depression?
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What is a key environmental factor that can contribute to the development of both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia?
What is a key environmental factor that can contribute to the development of both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia?
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What is a major difference in the typical mood episodes experienced by individuals with bipolar disorder compared to those with major depressive disorder (MDD)?
What is a major difference in the typical mood episodes experienced by individuals with bipolar disorder compared to those with major depressive disorder (MDD)?
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Which biological factor is specifically associated with bipolar disorder, but is not mentioned as a direct factor in developing schizophrenia?
Which biological factor is specifically associated with bipolar disorder, but is not mentioned as a direct factor in developing schizophrenia?
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A patient is exhibiting reduced emotional expression and social withdrawal. This is MOST indicative of which type of symptoms?
A patient is exhibiting reduced emotional expression and social withdrawal. This is MOST indicative of which type of symptoms?
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What is the typical age of onset for bipolar disorder?
What is the typical age of onset for bipolar disorder?
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If a person with bipolar disorder is experiencing a period of euthymia, what does this mean?
If a person with bipolar disorder is experiencing a period of euthymia, what does this mean?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical treatment approach for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
Which of the following is NOT a typical treatment approach for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
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Study Notes
Psychological Disorders
- Psychological disorders are patterns of emotion, thought, and action considered pathological due to statistical infrequency, disability or dysfunction, personal distress, or violation of norms.
Studying Psychological Disorders
- The presentation covers various psychological disorders including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, other disorders, and how gender and culture affect abnormal behavior.
Studying Psychological Disorders: Defining Abnormal Behavior
- Abnormal behavior refers to patterns of emotion, thought, and action considered pathological for several reasons:
- Statistical infrequency
- Disability or dysfunction
- Personal distress
- Violation of norms
The Four Criteria for Abnormality
- A slide presents the four criteria of abnormality in a visual format, detailing examples of each.
Historical Perspective on Psychological Disorders
- In ancient times, people believed demons caused abnormal behavior
- In the 1790's, the medical model emerged, emphasizing disease and illness as causes
- Currently, seven significant perspectives exist on understanding abnormal behaviors
Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior
- This section presents a diagram illustrating the various perspectives on abnormal behavior:
- Biological perspective: Brain function problems, genetic predispositions, and biochemical imbalances as causes
- Sociocultural perspective: Cultural values and beliefs influence abnormal behavior
- Behavioral perspective: Inappropriate conditioning or modeling leading to abnormal behavior
- Cognitive perspective: Faulty thinking patterns that lead to abnormal behavior
- Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic perspective: Unconscious conflicts leading to abnormal behavior
- Humanistic perspective: Blocked personal growth due to problems in life
- Evolutionary perspective: An exaggeration of adaptive reactions to the environment
Classifying Abnormal Behaviors: The DSM
- The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) is a standardized classification tool mental health professionals use to diagnose mental health disorders.
- It's developed by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).
- Key features of the DSM include:
- Clear diagnostic criteria to ensure consistency across clinicians.
- Common language for research and practice.
- Guidelines for mental health disorder assessment, emphasizing symptoms, duration, and impact
Historical Context of the DSM
- DSM-I (1952): Focused on psychoanalytic theories
- DSM-II (1968): Emphasized symptom categorization
- DSM-III (1980): Introduced a multi-axial system
- DSM-IV-TR (2000): Refined categories, including cultural considerations
- DSM-5 (2013): Shifted to dimensional models, integrating cultural and developmental aspects
DSM Structure
- DSM-5 organizes mental disorders into categories based on shared characteristics
- Key updates to the DSM-5 include:
- Removal of the multi-axial system
- Consolidation of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
- Introduction of new disorders, like Hoarding Disorder and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Labeling with DSM Diagnosis
- Discussion point: The pros and cons of labeling someone with a DSM diagnosis are presented for consideration
Anxiety Disorders
- Anxiety disorders involve excessive, disproportionate fear or anxiety to the situation, interfering with daily life.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- GAD involves persistent worrying about various aspects of life, accompanied by physical symptoms (restlessness, muscle tension, fatigue, and sleep difficulties).
- Factors contributing to GAD include:
- Biological: Genetic predisposition and overactivity in brain regions like the amygdala
- Psychological: Maladaptive thinking patterns and heightened sensitivity to threats
- Environmental: Chronic stress or traumatic experiences
Panic Disorder
- Panic disorder involves sudden panic attacks characterized by intense fear or anxiety (chest pain, rapid heartbeat, dizziness, fear of dying, loss of control).
- Biological factors: Abnormal functioning within the brain's fear circuits
- Psychological factors: Catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations
Phobias
- Phobias involve intense and irrational fears of specific objects, activities, or situations (fear of flying, heights, spiders), often accompanied by avoidance behaviors.
- Biological factors: Evolutionary predispositions
- Environmental factors: Conditioning experiences, like traumatic events involving the feared objects.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- OCD includes recurring intrusive thoughts (obsessions, like fears of contamination) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions, like excessive hand-washing) aimed at reducing anxiety.
- Factors:
- Biological: Abnormal serotonin activity and dysfunction in brain areas, like the orbitofrontal cortex
- Psychological: Perfectionism and need for control
Mood Disorders
- Mood disorders involve disturbances of affect, categorized into two primary types:
- Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Continued depressed mood, interfering with daily functioning, pleasure, and interest in life.
- Bipolar Disorder: Recurring episodes of mania (elevated mood, increased activity, impulsivity) and depression (low energy, hopelessness).
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- Symptoms: Persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, fatigue, difficulties concentrating, changes in appetite, and suicidal thoughts
- Factors:
- Biological: Imbalances in serotonin and norepinephrine
- Psychological: Negative thought patterns (e.g., hopelessness).
- Environmental: Stressful life events and lack of social support
Bipolar Disorder
- Symptoms: Alternating periods of mania (elevated mood, increased activity, impulsivity) and depression
- Factors:
- Biological: Genetic predisposition, irregular dopamine activity
- Environmental: Stressful or traumatic events
Key Differences Between Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder
- A table highlighting key differences between bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder, including mood episodes, onset, duration of symptoms, treatment, genetic heritability.
Schizophrenia
- Schizophrenia is a group of psychotic disorders characterized by major disturbances in:
- Perceptions (hallucinations)
- Language (word salad)
- Thoughts (delusions)
- Emotion
- Behavior
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorders
- Description: Severe disorders characterized by distorted thinking, perceptions, and emotional responses.
Schizophrenia: Symptoms and Contributing Factors
- Positive symptoms: Hallucinations (e.g., hearing voices) & delusions (e.g., paranoid beliefs)
- Negative symptoms: Reduced emotional expression, social withdrawal
- Cognitive symptoms: Impaired memory & decision-making
- Factors:
- Biological: Genetic predisposition, and dopamine dysregulation.
- Environmental: Prenatal exposure to infections, stress
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
- Paranoid, Catatonic, Disorganized, Undifferentiated, Residual
Personality Disorders
- Inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that significantly impair social and occupational functioning
Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Exhibits egocentrism, lack of conscience, impulsive behavior, and manipulation of others.
- Factors:
- Biological: Defects in brain activity or genetic predisposition
- Psychological: Disturbed family relationships.
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
- Exhibits impulsivity, mood instability, and unstable relationships and self-image
- Factors:
- Psychological: Childhood history of neglect, abuse, or emotional deprivation
- Biological: Genetic factors, impaired functioning in frontal lobes
Dissociative Disorders
- Critical elements of personality split apart
- Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Presence of two or more distinct personalities within the same person.
- Common link includes childhood trauma.
Other Disorders
- Substance-related disorders involve drug use interfering with social or occupational functioning, causing drug tolerance or withdrawal symptoms.
- Comorbidity is a common aspect, where individuals with substance-related disorders also often exhibit other psychological disorders.
How Gender and Culture Affect Abnormal Behavior
- Gender & Depression: Women are more likely to experience depression than men
- Why? Some suggest women inherit genetic or hormonal factors that increase susceptibility & societal perceptions might also contribute
- Culture & Schizophrenia: While symptoms are generally similar across cultures, there are differences in their presentation, prevalence, course, and prognosis
Culture-bound Symptoms
- Symptoms of psychological distress expressed differently across various cultures
- These expressions can be understood and treated within the cultural context.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts of abnormal psychology, including the features of disorders, the DSM, and historical perspectives on mental illness. This quiz covers critical criteria for diagnosing abnormal behavior and highlights significant changes in the DSM classification system.
