Abnormal Psychology Chapter: PTSD and Evolutionary Psychology
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What is the primary cause of PTSD according to doctors during WWI?

  • Evolutionary adaptations to stressful events
  • Physical concussion caused by exploding artillery (correct)
  • Psychological trauma
  • Genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders

    • According to an evolutionary perspective, what is expected about PTSD?

  • It would be more common in natural disasters than human-engineered disasters
  • It would primarily be a disease of modern life (correct)
  • It would be equally prevalent in all societies
  • It would primarily be a disease of ancient civilizations

    • What percentage of individuals exposed to natural disasters typically get PTSD?

  • About 50%
  • Less than 1%
  • Less than 10% (correct)
  • About 20%

    • What is the name of the condition that was believed to be caused by twisting or concussion of the spine during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Railway Spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disasters have a higher percentage of individuals getting PTSD?

    <p>Human-engineered disasters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is PTSD seen as, according to the text?

    <p>A susceptibility to stress that overwhelms our normal defense against threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum number of symptoms required to diagnose a Major Depressive Episode?

    <p>Five</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Nesse (1991, 2000), what is the function of depression?

    <p>To keep us from spending energy on activities that are unlikely to contribute to our fitness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Depressive Realism?

    <p>When people have a lower opinion of themselves and their prospects for success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predicted trend of suicide rates according to evolutionary psychology?

    <p>Suicide rates should increase with age as reproductive value declines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Hagen (1999), what is one possible function of post-partum depression?

    <p>To negotiate greater investment from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of grief according to the text?

    <p>To serve as a deterrent to prevent harm and promote self-preservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of anxiety in the face of threat?

    <p>To alter our thinking, behavior, and physiology in advantageous ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of having too little anxiety?

    <p>We are more likely to fall off cliffs, end up with snakes in our beds, and get lost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of the population that has experienced a clinical anxiety disorder?

    <p>15% of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why natural selection has not adjusted the anxiety mechanism to be always anxious?

    <p>Because it is not optimal due to the distressing nature of anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why the 'expensive' responses to danger are not expressed continually?

    <p>Because they are dangerous and cause bodily damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'Smoke Detector Principle' in the context of anxiety?

    <p>A principle that states the cost of getting killed is higher than the cost of responding to false alarms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed category of people with unrecognized anxiety disorders, according to Isaac Marks?

    <p>Those who have too little anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential benefit of a gene that enhances creativity, according to the text?

    <p>It can increase reproductive fitness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of faculty at a workshop did Andreasen find to have suffered either depression or manic depression?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by severe mood swings, depression, and manic phases?

    <p>Bipolar disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the individual who wrote 40% of his compositions during a 2-year manic phase?

    <p>Robert Schumann</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might the gene for schizophrenia still be present in the population despite its debilitating effects?

    <p>Because it conveys a creative advantage to those who carry the gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population is affected by schizophrenia?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of coughing according to the text?

    <p>To expel foreign material from the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of blocking the cough reflex excessively?

    <p>Increased risk of pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evolutionary perspective on the relationship between humans and pathogens?

    <p>An endless arms race</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinction between defenses and defects in the context of disease?

    <p>Defenses are beneficial, while defects are harmful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to distinguish between defenses and defects in someone who is sick?

    <p>To determine the appropriate treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of eliminating a defense mechanism in the body?

    <p>Increased risk of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of being able to detect cat odor for mice?

    <p>It enables them to avoid the imminent arrival of the cat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential drawback of prescribing a drug to dull the sense of smell in mice exposed to cat odor?

    <p>It would make them more susceptible to the cat's attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might relocating the nostrils to the neck be disadvantageous?

    <p>It would make eating and breathing more difficult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in redesigning the pickup truck to relocate the gasoline tanks within the frame?

    <p>It would require a major redesign of everything</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern for a pediatrician treating children with colds?

    <p>Managing the symptoms to improve quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a drug that dulls the sense of smell be undesirable for mice?

    <p>It would prevent them from detecting the cat's odor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential benefit of a gene that causes sickle-cell anemia?

    <p>It provides resistance to malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential cost of walking upright?

    <p>Predisposition to back problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential explanation for the persistence of disease-causing genes in a population?

    <p>They have hidden benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a sexually antagonistic gene?

    <p>A gene that benefits fathers at the expense of mothers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept that describes the trade-offs between different traits?

    <p>Design compromises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key to understanding disease, according to the text?

    <p>Understanding the hidden benefits of apparent design flaws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the prevalence of modern diseases such as heart disease and breast cancer?

    <p>Human bodies have not adapted to novel environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a novel environment that can lead to disease?

    <p>Population migration and skin cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why some genes that cause disease are still present in the population?

    <p>They were harmless in natural environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the body is vulnerable to disease, despite its sophisticated mechanisms?

    <p>The body is a bundle of careful compromises between different physiological processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between fatty diets and disease risk?

    <p>Fatty diets increase the risk of heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are defenses, according to Nesse and Williams (1995)?

    <p>Symptoms of disease, such as a dusky hue and deep cough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a defect and a defense in the context of disease?

    <p>A defect is a happenstance result with no particular utility, while a defense has a specific function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of artificial light on disease risk?

    <p>Artificial light increases the risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why some genes that cause disease are still present in the population despite their negative effects?

    <p>Natural selection has not had time to eliminate them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can the immune system recognize and attack a million foreign proteins, but still fail to prevent disease?

    <p>The immune system is compromised by the body's careful compromises between different physiological processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why we cannot grow a replacement for a damaged finger, despite the body's ability to encode plans for an adult organism?

    <p>The body's careful compromises between different physiological processes limit its ability to regenerate tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do we still get pneumonia, despite the immune system's ability to recognize and attack foreign proteins?

    <p>The immune system is compromised by the body's careful compromises between different physiological processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of fever in the body?

    <p>To combat infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when cold-blooded lizards are infected and cannot move to a warm place?

    <p>They are more likely to die</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Matt Kluger believe that using drugs to suppress fever can be harmful?

    <p>Because it can make people sicker and even die</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between body temperature and infection?

    <p>Body temperature is carefully regulated and increases when infected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cold-blooded lizards respond to infection?

    <p>They seek out a place warm enough to raise their body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of fever in the context of infection?

    <p>To combat infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when cold-blooded lizards are able to move to a warm place when infected?

    <p>They are more likely to recover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between fever and the immune response?

    <p>Fever enhances the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of using drugs to suppress fever?

    <p>People are more likely to get sicker and even die</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of body temperature regulation in response to infection?

    <p>To increase body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

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