Abnormal Psychology Chapter: PTSD and Evolutionary Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of PTSD according to doctors during WWI?

  • Evolutionary adaptations to stressful events
  • Physical concussion caused by exploding artillery (correct)
  • Psychological trauma
  • Genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders

According to an evolutionary perspective, what is expected about PTSD?

  • It would be more common in natural disasters than human-engineered disasters
  • It would primarily be a disease of modern life (correct)
  • It would be equally prevalent in all societies
  • It would primarily be a disease of ancient civilizations

What percentage of individuals exposed to natural disasters typically get PTSD?

  • About 50%
  • Less than 1%
  • Less than 10% (correct)
  • About 20%

What is the name of the condition that was believed to be caused by twisting or concussion of the spine during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Railway Spine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disasters have a higher percentage of individuals getting PTSD?

<p>Human-engineered disasters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is PTSD seen as, according to the text?

<p>A susceptibility to stress that overwhelms our normal defense against threats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of symptoms required to diagnose a Major Depressive Episode?

<p>Five (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Nesse (1991, 2000), what is the function of depression?

<p>To keep us from spending energy on activities that are unlikely to contribute to our fitness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Depressive Realism?

<p>When people have a lower opinion of themselves and their prospects for success (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the predicted trend of suicide rates according to evolutionary psychology?

<p>Suicide rates should increase with age as reproductive value declines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hagen (1999), what is one possible function of post-partum depression?

<p>To negotiate greater investment from others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of grief according to the text?

<p>To serve as a deterrent to prevent harm and promote self-preservation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of anxiety in the face of threat?

<p>To alter our thinking, behavior, and physiology in advantageous ways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of having too little anxiety?

<p>We are more likely to fall off cliffs, end up with snakes in our beds, and get lost (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of the population that has experienced a clinical anxiety disorder?

<p>15% of the population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why natural selection has not adjusted the anxiety mechanism to be always anxious?

<p>Because it is not optimal due to the distressing nature of anxiety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the 'expensive' responses to danger are not expressed continually?

<p>Because they are dangerous and cause bodily damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Smoke Detector Principle' in the context of anxiety?

<p>A principle that states the cost of getting killed is higher than the cost of responding to false alarms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed category of people with unrecognized anxiety disorders, according to Isaac Marks?

<p>Those who have too little anxiety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential benefit of a gene that enhances creativity, according to the text?

<p>It can increase reproductive fitness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of faculty at a workshop did Andreasen find to have suffered either depression or manic depression?

<p>80% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by severe mood swings, depression, and manic phases?

<p>Bipolar disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the individual who wrote 40% of his compositions during a 2-year manic phase?

<p>Robert Schumann (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might the gene for schizophrenia still be present in the population despite its debilitating effects?

<p>Because it conveys a creative advantage to those who carry the gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population is affected by schizophrenia?

<p>1% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of coughing according to the text?

<p>To expel foreign material from the respiratory tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of blocking the cough reflex excessively?

<p>Increased risk of pneumonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the evolutionary perspective on the relationship between humans and pathogens?

<p>An endless arms race (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between defenses and defects in the context of disease?

<p>Defenses are beneficial, while defects are harmful (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial to distinguish between defenses and defects in someone who is sick?

<p>To determine the appropriate treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of eliminating a defense mechanism in the body?

<p>Increased risk of disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of being able to detect cat odor for mice?

<p>It enables them to avoid the imminent arrival of the cat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential drawback of prescribing a drug to dull the sense of smell in mice exposed to cat odor?

<p>It would make them more susceptible to the cat's attack (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might relocating the nostrils to the neck be disadvantageous?

<p>It would make eating and breathing more difficult (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in redesigning the pickup truck to relocate the gasoline tanks within the frame?

<p>It would require a major redesign of everything (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern for a pediatrician treating children with colds?

<p>Managing the symptoms to improve quality of life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a drug that dulls the sense of smell be undesirable for mice?

<p>It would prevent them from detecting the cat's odor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential benefit of a gene that causes sickle-cell anemia?

<p>It provides resistance to malaria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential cost of walking upright?

<p>Predisposition to back problems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential explanation for the persistence of disease-causing genes in a population?

<p>They have hidden benefits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a sexually antagonistic gene?

<p>A gene that benefits fathers at the expense of mothers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept that describes the trade-offs between different traits?

<p>Design compromises (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key to understanding disease, according to the text?

<p>Understanding the hidden benefits of apparent design flaws (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the prevalence of modern diseases such as heart disease and breast cancer?

<p>Human bodies have not adapted to novel environments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a novel environment that can lead to disease?

<p>Population migration and skin cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why some genes that cause disease are still present in the population?

<p>They were harmless in natural environments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why the body is vulnerable to disease, despite its sophisticated mechanisms?

<p>The body is a bundle of careful compromises between different physiological processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between fatty diets and disease risk?

<p>Fatty diets increase the risk of heart disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are defenses, according to Nesse and Williams (1995)?

<p>Symptoms of disease, such as a dusky hue and deep cough. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a defect and a defense in the context of disease?

<p>A defect is a happenstance result with no particular utility, while a defense has a specific function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of artificial light on disease risk?

<p>Artificial light increases the risk of cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why some genes that cause disease are still present in the population despite their negative effects?

<p>Natural selection has not had time to eliminate them (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can the immune system recognize and attack a million foreign proteins, but still fail to prevent disease?

<p>The immune system is compromised by the body's careful compromises between different physiological processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why we cannot grow a replacement for a damaged finger, despite the body's ability to encode plans for an adult organism?

<p>The body's careful compromises between different physiological processes limit its ability to regenerate tissue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do we still get pneumonia, despite the immune system's ability to recognize and attack foreign proteins?

<p>The immune system is compromised by the body's careful compromises between different physiological processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fever in the body?

<p>To combat infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when cold-blooded lizards are infected and cannot move to a warm place?

<p>They are more likely to die (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does Matt Kluger believe that using drugs to suppress fever can be harmful?

<p>Because it can make people sicker and even die (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between body temperature and infection?

<p>Body temperature is carefully regulated and increases when infected (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cold-blooded lizards respond to infection?

<p>They seek out a place warm enough to raise their body temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fever in the context of infection?

<p>To combat infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when cold-blooded lizards are able to move to a warm place when infected?

<p>They are more likely to recover (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between fever and the immune response?

<p>Fever enhances the immune response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of using drugs to suppress fever?

<p>People are more likely to get sicker and even die (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of body temperature regulation in response to infection?

<p>To increase body temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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