Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which brain structure is primarily responsible for attention and processing emotions?
Which brain structure is primarily responsible for attention and processing emotions?
Which brain structure is related to the regulation of metabolism?
Which brain structure is related to the regulation of metabolism?
Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with mood regulation, sleep, and appetite?
Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with mood regulation, sleep, and appetite?
Which brain structure is associated with learning, abstracting, and reasoning?
Which brain structure is associated with learning, abstracting, and reasoning?
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Which brain structure is essential for motor coordination and is often associated with autism when abnormal?
Which brain structure is essential for motor coordination and is often associated with autism when abnormal?
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What role does the Corpus Callosum play in the brain?
What role does the Corpus Callosum play in the brain?
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What is the primary function of the adrenal gland in the endocrine system?
What is the primary function of the adrenal gland in the endocrine system?
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What functions are associated with the frontal lobe of the brain?
What functions are associated with the frontal lobe of the brain?
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What consequences can be attributed to the dysregulation of neurotransmitters?
What consequences can be attributed to the dysregulation of neurotransmitters?
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What does the permissive hypothesis suggest about serotonin and norepinephrine levels?
What does the permissive hypothesis suggest about serotonin and norepinephrine levels?
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Which of the following brain structures is associated with regulating emotions?
Which of the following brain structures is associated with regulating emotions?
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What is the main role of acetylcholine in the brain?
What is the main role of acetylcholine in the brain?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with high levels in mania?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with high levels in mania?
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What is the primary focus of basic genetic epidemiology?
What is the primary focus of basic genetic epidemiology?
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Which genetic concept involves naturally occurring variations of genes?
Which genetic concept involves naturally occurring variations of genes?
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Endophenotypes are genetic mechanisms that contribute to which of the following?
Endophenotypes are genetic mechanisms that contribute to which of the following?
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What is the effect of an inverse agonist on neurotransmitters?
What is the effect of an inverse agonist on neurotransmitters?
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Which biological concept refers to the alteration of phenotypic expression of genes due to factors other than inherited DNA sequence?
Which biological concept refers to the alteration of phenotypic expression of genes due to factors other than inherited DNA sequence?
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What is the primary role of neurotransmitter GABA in psychological functions?
What is the primary role of neurotransmitter GABA in psychological functions?
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In the context of genetic contributions, what does the term 'proband' refer to?
In the context of genetic contributions, what does the term 'proband' refer to?
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Which of the following approaches looks for a systemic cause of psychological disorders?
Which of the following approaches looks for a systemic cause of psychological disorders?
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According to the content, which neurotransmitter is most abundant in the brain and plays a key role in memory?
According to the content, which neurotransmitter is most abundant in the brain and plays a key role in memory?
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What does the Cognitive Theory of Depression suggest about how depressed individuals view themselves?
What does the Cognitive Theory of Depression suggest about how depressed individuals view themselves?
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According to Hopelessness Theory, what belief do individuals hold regarding desirable outcomes?
According to Hopelessness Theory, what belief do individuals hold regarding desirable outcomes?
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What describes an individual who experiences fear as an evolutionary adaptation?
What describes an individual who experiences fear as an evolutionary adaptation?
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What is the focus when someone applies the Internal-External dimension of Attributional Style?
What is the focus when someone applies the Internal-External dimension of Attributional Style?
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Which cognitive error is involved in the Depressive Cognitive Triad?
Which cognitive error is involved in the Depressive Cognitive Triad?
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What is a characteristic of Dichotomous Thinking, also known as Black and White Thinking?
What is a characteristic of Dichotomous Thinking, also known as Black and White Thinking?
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Which schema involves people feeling personally responsible for every bad happening?
Which schema involves people feeling personally responsible for every bad happening?
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What psychological response involves directing feelings for a loved one toward oneself?
What psychological response involves directing feelings for a loved one toward oneself?
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What belief is associated with the False Consensus Effect?
What belief is associated with the False Consensus Effect?
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What does the concept of Prepared Learning suggest about human evolution?
What does the concept of Prepared Learning suggest about human evolution?
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Which type of amnesia prevents the formation of new long-term memories?
Which type of amnesia prevents the formation of new long-term memories?
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During which stage of the General Adaptation to Stress Theory does the body start to employ coping mechanisms?
During which stage of the General Adaptation to Stress Theory does the body start to employ coping mechanisms?
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Which memory disorder is characterized by filling in memory gaps with imaginary experiences?
Which memory disorder is characterized by filling in memory gaps with imaginary experiences?
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Which term describes the false perception of familiar places or persons as unfamiliar?
Which term describes the false perception of familiar places or persons as unfamiliar?
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Which of these is an example of a positive secondary appraisal?
Which of these is an example of a positive secondary appraisal?
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In the Three-System Approach to Memory, how long is information typically held in short-term memory?
In the Three-System Approach to Memory, how long is information typically held in short-term memory?
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Which memory involves factual information such as general knowledge and facts?
Which memory involves factual information such as general knowledge and facts?
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What is an example of minimization in a psychological context?
What is an example of minimization in a psychological context?
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Which theory involves the production of stressors and the individual's response to these stressors?
Which theory involves the production of stressors and the individual's response to these stressors?
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According to the General Adaptation to Stress Theory, what happens during the Exhaustion stage?
According to the General Adaptation to Stress Theory, what happens during the Exhaustion stage?
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Study Notes
Labeling and Mislabeling
- Labeling oneself based on past mistakes or imperfections, allowing them to define one's true identity
- Example: bullied for being dark-skinned, leading to "I am ugly" self-labeling
Minimization
- Downplaying the significance of an event or emotion
- Common strategy in dealing with feelings of guilt
- Examples: "Parang nakakarami ka na ah" (It's just a small thing), "Luh parang tanga sampung bote pa lang" (It's just a little mistake, just 10 bottles)
Magnification
- Exaggerating the effects of one's behaviors
- May lead to negative self-perception, e.g., "Iniisip siguro nila hindi ako naglalaba" (They must think I don't do laundry)
General Adaption To Stress Theory
- Understanding the relationship between stressful events and the body's response to stress
- Alarm: fight-or-flight response to stress
- Resistance: coping mechanisms to manage stress
- Exhaustion: body's defense resources are depleted, leading to burnout
- Developed by Hans Selye
Stress-Appraisal/Cognitive Appraisal Theory
- Stress is a two-way process, involving both the production of stressors and the individual's response to them
- Primary Appraisal: evaluating the meaning and impact of a stressor, e.g., "What does this situation mean for me?"
- Secondary Appraisal: assessing one's ability to cope with the stressor, e.g., "Do I have the resources to deal with this?"
- Dealing with the stressor: evaluating the stressor and one's ability to cope
- Positive/Negative Appraisal: evaluating one's ability to cope, e.g., "I can do it if I do my best" (positive) vs. "I cannot do it" (negative)
Memory Disorders
- Anosognosia: unaware of one's own illness
- Confabulation: filling in memory gaps with imaginary experiences
- Disorientation: unable to identify time, place, or person
- De Javu: unfamiliar events perceived as familiar
- Jamais Vu: familiar events perceived as unfamiliar
- Hypermnesia: increased memory
- Paramnesia: false or distorted memory
- Amnesia: loss of memory
Types of Amnesia
-
Biogenic: caused by brain damage or disease
- Retrograde: inability to retrieve information acquired before the damage
- Anterograde: inability to transfer new information to long-term memory
-
Psychogenic or Dissociative or Functional: caused by psychological trauma or repressed memories
- Generalized: rare, sudden, and complete loss of memory
- Localized: loss of memory specific to a particular event or situation
- Selective: loss of memory for specific aspects of an event
- Situation-Specific: loss of memory due to a severely stressful event (e.g., PTSD)
- Global: complete loss of memory for both past and present events
Memory
- The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information
- Declarative: factual information
- Procedural: skills and habits
- Semantic: general knowledge and facts
- Episodic: events that occur in a particular time and place
Three-System Approach to Memory
- Information must travel through the following stages to be remembered:
- Sensory: initial storage of information perceived by the senses
- Short-Term Memory: holds information for 15-20 seconds
- Long-Term Memory: stores information on a relatively permanent basis
Neurotransmitters and Associated Behaviors
- Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that can influence mood and behavior
- Examples:
- GABA: relaxation, anxiety
- Serotonin: mood regulation, depression
- Dopamine: motivation, reward, schizophrenia
Structures and Behaviors
- Corpus Callosum: communication between the right and left hemispheres
- Limbic System: attention, emotion, "fight or flight" response
- Frontal Lobe: learning, abstracting, reasoning, inhibiting
- Hypothalamus: regulation of metabolism
Genetics and Psychological Disorders
- Genetic contributions: genes can influence the development of psychological disorders
- Genotype: unique genetic makeup
- Phenotype: observable characteristics
- Polygenic: influenced by multiple genes
- Endophenotypes: genetic mechanisms contributing to psychological disorders
Twin and Adoption Studies
- Twin studies: examining the similarities and differences between identical and fraternal twins to understand the role of genetics in psychological disorders
- Adoption studies: examining the similarities and differences between biological and adoptive relatives to understand the role of genetics and environment in psychological disorders
Neurotransmitters and Psychological Disorders
| Neurotransmitter | High | Low |
|---|---|---|
| Dopamine | Schizophrenia | Parkinson's |
| Acetylcholine | Alzheimer's (Dementia) | |
| Norepinephrine | Mania | Depression |
| GABA | Relaxation | Anxiety/OCD |
| Serotonin | Mania | Depression/Anxiety/Eating Disorders |
| Epinephrine | Stress | Fatigue |
| Glutamate | Sleep Disorders | Huntington's Disease |
| Endorphin | Eating Disorders |
Cognitive Theories with Psychoanalytic
- Learned Optimism: people who face considerable stress and difficulty in their lives can still display an optimistic, upbeat attitude, leading to better psychological and physical functioning
- Positive Psychology: the study of positive emotions, strengths, and resilience
- Hopelessness Theory: the belief that desirable outcomes will not occur and that the person has no responses available to change this situation
- Cognitive Theory of Depression: people susceptible to depression develop inaccurate and unhelpful core beliefs about themselves, others, and the world as a result of their learning histories
Other Concepts
- Fear: a natural response to a perceived threat, leading to a fight or flight response
- Introjection: directing feelings for a loved one towards oneself
- Symbolic or Imagined Loss: events that are perceived as a loss, even if they do not involve the death of a person
- Attributional Style: the way people explain the causes of events in their lives
- Cognitive Bias: systematic errors in thinking, such as overgeneralization and false consensus effect
- Beck Hopelessness Scale: a measure of negative thinking and hopelessness
- Depressive Cognitive Triad: negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future
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Description
Explore the Global Assessment of Functioning and theoretical approaches to understanding psychological disorders, including genetic contributions and the role of genes and chromosomes.
