Abnormal Psychology: Axis V and Theoretical Approaches

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Questions and Answers

Which brain structure is primarily responsible for attention and processing emotions?

Frontal Lobe

Corpus Callosum

Limbic System (correct)

Hypothalamus

Which brain structure is related to the regulation of metabolism?

Corpus Callosum

Hypothalamus (correct)

Temporal Lobe

Limbic System

Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with mood regulation, sleep, and appetite?

Serotonin (correct)

Dopamine

GABA

Epinephrine

Which brain structure is associated with learning, abstracting, and reasoning?

Frontal Lobe Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is essential for motor coordination and is often associated with autism when abnormal?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Corpus Callosum play in the brain?

Communication between right and left hemispheres Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the adrenal gland in the endocrine system?

Produces hormones involved in stress response Signup and view all the answers

What functions are associated with the frontal lobe of the brain?

Learning, abstracting, and reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What consequences can be attributed to the dysregulation of neurotransmitters?

Mood irregularities Signup and view all the answers

What does the permissive hypothesis suggest about serotonin and norepinephrine levels?

Low serotonin levels permit low norepinephrine levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following brain structures is associated with regulating emotions?

Amygdala Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of acetylcholine in the brain?

Regulates heart rate, learning, and memory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with high levels in mania?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of basic genetic epidemiology?

Statistical analysis of family, twin, and adoption studies Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic concept involves naturally occurring variations of genes?

Polymorphisms Signup and view all the answers

Endophenotypes are genetic mechanisms that contribute to which of the following?

Underlying problems causing symptoms and difficulties in psychological disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an inverse agonist on neurotransmitters?

Produces effects opposite to those produced by neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

Which biological concept refers to the alteration of phenotypic expression of genes due to factors other than inherited DNA sequence?

Epigenetics Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neurotransmitter GABA in psychological functions?

Promoting relaxation Signup and view all the answers

In the context of genetic contributions, what does the term 'proband' refer to?

A family member singled out for study Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches looks for a systemic cause of psychological disorders?

Multidimensional approach Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which neurotransmitter is most abundant in the brain and plays a key role in memory?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

What does the Cognitive Theory of Depression suggest about how depressed individuals view themselves?

They consistently think in illogical ways, leading to self-defeating conclusions. Signup and view all the answers

According to Hopelessness Theory, what belief do individuals hold regarding desirable outcomes?

Desirable outcomes will not occur and they have no responses to change this situation. Signup and view all the answers

What describes an individual who experiences fear as an evolutionary adaptation?

They exhibit faster breathing, trembling, and increased glucose for survival. Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus when someone applies the Internal-External dimension of Attributional Style?

Who or what is responsible for the event. Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive error is involved in the Depressive Cognitive Triad?

Negative thoughts about themselves, their immediate world, and their future. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Dichotomous Thinking, also known as Black and White Thinking?

Only perceiving extremes and not the middle ground. Signup and view all the answers

Which schema involves people feeling personally responsible for every bad happening?

Self-Blame Schema Signup and view all the answers

What psychological response involves directing feelings for a loved one toward oneself?

Introjection Signup and view all the answers

What belief is associated with the False Consensus Effect?

Individuals believe their opinions are shared by others more often than they are. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of Prepared Learning suggest about human evolution?

Humans have evolved predispositions to learn about objects or situations critical for species survival. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of amnesia prevents the formation of new long-term memories?

Anterograde Amnesia Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of the General Adaptation to Stress Theory does the body start to employ coping mechanisms?

Resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which memory disorder is characterized by filling in memory gaps with imaginary experiences?

Confabulation Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the false perception of familiar places or persons as unfamiliar?

Jamais Vu Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a positive secondary appraisal?

I can do it if I do my best Signup and view all the answers

In the Three-System Approach to Memory, how long is information typically held in short-term memory?

15 to 20 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Which memory involves factual information such as general knowledge and facts?

Semantic Memory Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of minimization in a psychological context?

Downplaying the significance of one's emotions Signup and view all the answers

Which theory involves the production of stressors and the individual's response to these stressors?

Stress-Appraisal/Cognitive Appraisal Theory Signup and view all the answers

According to the General Adaptation to Stress Theory, what happens during the Exhaustion stage?

The body's resources are depleted, leading to decreased resistance to stress Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Labeling and Mislabeling

Labeling oneself based on past mistakes or imperfections, allowing them to define one's true identity
Example: bullied for being dark-skinned, leading to "I am ugly" self-labeling

Minimization

Downplaying the significance of an event or emotion
Common strategy in dealing with feelings of guilt
Examples: "Parang nakakarami ka na ah" (It's just a small thing), "Luh parang tanga sampung bote pa lang" (It's just a little mistake, just 10 bottles)

Magnification

Exaggerating the effects of one's behaviors
May lead to negative self-perception, e.g., "Iniisip siguro nila hindi ako naglalaba" (They must think I don't do laundry)

General Adaption To Stress Theory

Understanding the relationship between stressful events and the body's response to stress
Alarm: fight-or-flight response to stress
Resistance: coping mechanisms to manage stress
Exhaustion: body's defense resources are depleted, leading to burnout
Developed by Hans Selye

Stress-Appraisal/Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Stress is a two-way process, involving both the production of stressors and the individual's response to them
Primary Appraisal: evaluating the meaning and impact of a stressor, e.g., "What does this situation mean for me?"
Secondary Appraisal: assessing one's ability to cope with the stressor, e.g., "Do I have the resources to deal with this?"
Dealing with the stressor: evaluating the stressor and one's ability to cope
Positive/Negative Appraisal: evaluating one's ability to cope, e.g., "I can do it if I do my best" (positive) vs. "I cannot do it" (negative)

Memory Disorders

Anosognosia: unaware of one's own illness
Confabulation: filling in memory gaps with imaginary experiences
Disorientation: unable to identify time, place, or person
De Javu: unfamiliar events perceived as familiar
Jamais Vu: familiar events perceived as unfamiliar
Hypermnesia: increased memory
Paramnesia: false or distorted memory
Amnesia: loss of memory

Types of Amnesia

Biogenic: caused by brain damage or disease
- Retrograde: inability to retrieve information acquired before the damage
- Anterograde: inability to transfer new information to long-term memory
Psychogenic or Dissociative or Functional: caused by psychological trauma or repressed memories
- Generalized: rare, sudden, and complete loss of memory
- Localized: loss of memory specific to a particular event or situation
- Selective: loss of memory for specific aspects of an event
- Situation-Specific: loss of memory due to a severely stressful event (e.g., PTSD)
- Global: complete loss of memory for both past and present events

Memory

The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information
Declarative: factual information
Procedural: skills and habits
Semantic: general knowledge and facts
Episodic: events that occur in a particular time and place

Three-System Approach to Memory

Information must travel through the following stages to be remembered:
- Sensory: initial storage of information perceived by the senses
- Short-Term Memory: holds information for 15-20 seconds
- Long-Term Memory: stores information on a relatively permanent basis

Neurotransmitters and Associated Behaviors

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that can influence mood and behavior
Examples:
- GABA: relaxation, anxiety
- Serotonin: mood regulation, depression
- Dopamine: motivation, reward, schizophrenia

Structures and Behaviors

Corpus Callosum: communication between the right and left hemispheres
Limbic System: attention, emotion, "fight or flight" response
Frontal Lobe: learning, abstracting, reasoning, inhibiting
Hypothalamus: regulation of metabolism

Genetics and Psychological Disorders

Genetic contributions: genes can influence the development of psychological disorders
Genotype: unique genetic makeup
Phenotype: observable characteristics
Polygenic: influenced by multiple genes
Endophenotypes: genetic mechanisms contributing to psychological disorders

Twin and Adoption Studies

Twin studies: examining the similarities and differences between identical and fraternal twins to understand the role of genetics in psychological disorders
Adoption studies: examining the similarities and differences between biological and adoptive relatives to understand the role of genetics and environment in psychological disorders

Neurotransmitters and Psychological Disorders

Neurotransmitter	High	Low
Dopamine	Schizophrenia	Parkinson's
Acetylcholine		Alzheimer's (Dementia)
Norepinephrine	Mania	Depression
GABA	Relaxation	Anxiety/OCD
Serotonin	Mania	Depression/Anxiety/Eating Disorders
Epinephrine	Stress	Fatigue
Glutamate	Sleep Disorders	Huntington's Disease
Endorphin		Eating Disorders

Cognitive Theories with Psychoanalytic

Learned Optimism: people who face considerable stress and difficulty in their lives can still display an optimistic, upbeat attitude, leading to better psychological and physical functioning
Positive Psychology: the study of positive emotions, strengths, and resilience
Hopelessness Theory: the belief that desirable outcomes will not occur and that the person has no responses available to change this situation
Cognitive Theory of Depression: people susceptible to depression develop inaccurate and unhelpful core beliefs about themselves, others, and the world as a result of their learning histories

Other Concepts

Fear: a natural response to a perceived threat, leading to a fight or flight response
Introjection: directing feelings for a loved one towards oneself
Symbolic or Imagined Loss: events that are perceived as a loss, even if they do not involve the death of a person
Attributional Style: the way people explain the causes of events in their lives
Cognitive Bias: systematic errors in thinking, such as overgeneralization and false consensus effect
Beck Hopelessness Scale: a measure of negative thinking and hopelessness
Depressive Cognitive Triad: negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future

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Description

Explore the Global Assessment of Functioning and theoretical approaches to understanding psychological disorders, including genetic contributions and the role of genes and chromosomes.